1 


<£ju^Y&^  •*',  ^ 


A  BRIEF  REPORT 

Of  the  Meeting 

Commemorative  of  the  Early 
Saint  Louis  Movement 


in 


Philosophy,  Psychology,  Literature,  Art 
and  Education 


■ 


In  Honor  of  Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider's  Eightieth  Birthday 

Held    January    14th    and    15th,  1921 

At  Vandervoort's  Music  Hall 

St.  Louis,  Missouri 


i 


D.   H.  HARRIS 
Chairman   and   (>eneral    Manager 


Introduction 

The  central  location  of  St.  Louis ;  its  railroad  and  river 
facilities  of  transportation ;  its  business  enterprise ;  its  com- 
mercial importance ;  its  industries ;  its  wealth,  all  combine  to 
insure  its  future  growth  and  prosperity  as  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant inland  cities  of  America. 

But  of  still  greater  importance  is  its  leadership  in  the 
trend  of  modern  philosophic  thought  and  the  intellectual  and 
spiritual  progress  of  its  people. 

Emerson  tells  of  the  shot  for  freedom  and  independence 
that  was  heard  around  the  world.  So  in  the  following  pages 
is  reported  that  wonderful  liberation  of  spirit  and  the  progress 
and  advancement  of  the  "St.  Louis  Early  Movement" — in  phi- 
losophy, art,  literature,  psychology,  and  education,  which  was 
developed  here  about  forty  years  ago,  and  which  has  had  such 
a  profound  influence  in  St.  Louis  and  throughout  the  west,  and 
has  spread  to  the  eastern  seaboard  and  become  international 
in  its  scope. 

Briefly  sketched  here  are  the  lives  and  works  of  the  great 
men  who  originated  and  contributed  to  what  is  known  as  the 
"Early  St.  Louis  Movement,"  notably,  William  Torrey  Harris, 
Henry  C.  Brockmeyer,  Denton  J.  Snider,  Thomas  Davidson, 
Adolph  Kroeger,  J.  Gabriel  Woerner  and  others. 

It  is  regretted  that  the  interest  and  spirit  of  the  occasion 
cannot  be  adequately  reported. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  study  these  men  in  their  various 
tendencies,  as  the  speakers  have  viewed  them  from  different 
standpoints,  thus  affording  us  an  unique  and  more  general  con- 
sideration of  their  work  and  influence. 


LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

SA  -  \ 


W  M.  T.   HARRIS 


DENTON  J.  SNIDER 


Index  of  Contents 

Brief  Opening  Address  by  D.  II.  Harris 2 

Address  of  Welcome — Mayor  Henry  VV.  Kiel. 10 

Philosophic    Schools — St.    Louis.   Jacksonville,    111..    Concord, 
Mass..  Chicago,  by  Louis  J.  Block 13 

The    Early    St.   L<>uis    Movement    and    The   Communal    Uni- 
versity, by  Mrs.  D.  H.  Harris 31 

Henry   C.   Brockmeyer,  by   Mrs.   Denton  J.   Snider   (collated 

from  Dr.  Snidcr's  work — The  Early  St.  Louis  Movement)    51 

Thomas  Davidson,  by  Percival  Chubb 59 

Adolph  Ernst  Kroeger  and  History  of  Music  in  St.  Louis,  by 
E.  R.  Kroeger 69 

|.  Gabriel  Woerner,  by  Wm.  F.  Woerner 81 

Reflections  on  The  Early  Movement,  by  Francis  E.  Cook 89 

The    Influence   of   The    Earlv    Movement   on    Education,   by 

W.  J.  S.  Bryan— Substitute 98 

The  Earlv  Journals,  Magazines  and  Writers  of  St.  Louis,  by 
Alexander  N.  De  Menil  (a  brief  note) 99 

Historv    of    Musical    Development    in    St.    Louis,    by    Frank- 
Geeks 103 

The  St.  Louis  Public  Library,  by  Dr.  Arthur  E.  Bostwick .. ....1 1 1 

Copv    of   a    Letter    Written    to    Dr.    Snider,    by    Rev.    lames 

W.  Lee  - 119 

Most  Remarkable  Man,  by  Rev.  James  W.  Lee 120 

Miss  Susan  E.   Blow  and  the  Kindergarten,  by   Miss   Mary 

C.  McCulloch 127 

The  Psychology  of  Music,  by  Richard  Spamer 137 

William  Marion  Reedy,  by  A.  A.  H 146 

Poem — Dedicated  to  Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider  on  his   Eightieth 

Birthday.  Jan.  9th,  1921.  by  Katharine  Higgins  Sommers.. 147 
Lincoln's  Mother,  by  Mrs.  Katharine   Higgins  Sommers.  in- 
spired by  Dr.  Snider's  extensive  treatise  on  Lincoln 147 

In    Memoriam — Miss    Amelia -C.    Fruchte.   by    Mrs.    Adeline 

Palmier  Wagoner : 148 

A  Man  for  All  Ages,  by  Mrs.  Adeline  Palmier  Wagoner 148 

The  St.  Louis  Tercentenary  Shakespeare  Society. Mrs.  Adeline 

Palmier  Wagoner 149 

In  Memoriam — Miss  Amelia  C.  Fruchte — Chester  B.  Curtis.. ..153 

Letters  from  Friends. 158 

Address  at  the  Banquet — G.  R.  Dodson 159 

7 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

Wm.  T.   Harris... 3 

Denton  J.  Snider.. 5 

Vandervoort's   Music   Hall 9 

Mayor  Henry  W.  Kiel.. 10 

Louis  J.  Block 11 

Hiram  K.  Jones 21 

Mrs.  D.  H.  Harris 29 

Wm.  G.  Eliot 33 

Mrs.  Rebecca  N.  Hazard 37 

Henry  C.  Brockmeyer 49 

Georg  Wilhelm  Frederich  Hegel 53 

Thomas  Davidson 57 

Percival  Chubb 63 

Adolph  Ernst  Kroeger.. 67 

E.  R.  Kroeger 71 

P.   G.  Anton .. 75 

J.  Gabriel  Woerner , 79 

Wm.   F.  Woerner 83 

Francis  E.   Cook 87 

Rev.  Dr.  R.  A.  Holland 91 

Wm.  M.  Bryant 95 

Frank  Geeks  101 

Arthur  E.  Bostwick 107 

Central   Public  Library... 109 

Frederick  Morgan  Crunden 113 

Rev.  Dr.  James  W.  Lee 117 

Miss  Susan  E.  Blow — 123 

Des  Peres  School — First  Public  School  Kindergarten 125 

Miss  Mary  C.  McCulloch 131 

Richard  Spamer  135 

William  Marion  Reedy 145 

Miss  Amelia  C.  Fruchte 151 

Chester  B.  Curtis 155 

D.  H.  Harris 161 


VANDERVOORT'S  MUSIC  HALL 


A  Report  of  the  Early  St.  Louis  Movement 

The  first  session  convened  at  Vandervoort's  Music  Hall,  at  2 
P.  M.  Friday,  Jan.  14,  1921,  .Mr.  I).  H.  Harris,  presiding: 

He  congratulated  the  audience  upon  this  occasion,  statins; 
that  the  earl}'  movement  did  not  begin  with  large  numbers,  as 
we  may  have  at  this  meeting.  It  had  a  few  great  men,  but  little 
known  to  the  world  at  that  time,  who  were  inspired  by  the  im- 
perative need  of  checking  the  rapidly  increasing  influence  of 
materialism   and  agnosticism. 

Tluw  deeply  felt  the  importance  of  preserving  and  utilizing 
the  great  universal  works  of  philosophy  and  literature,  filtered 
through  generations  of  the  cumulative  genius  of  the  human  race. 
They  also  felt  the  need  of  developing  and  establishing,  in  ad- 
dition to  these  treasures  of  thought,  new  systems  that  are  de- 
manded as  the  natural  outgrowth  of  our  modern  civilization. 

He  said  that  it  is  eminently  fitting  that  on  an  occasion  like 
this  that  we  should  call  upon  the  highest  executive  of  our  city 
to  give  a  word  of  welcome:  I,  therefore,  take  great  pleasure  in 
calling  upon  our  Mayor,  the  Honorable  Henry  \Y.  Kiel,  who 
happily  responded  as  follows: 


HON.  HENRY  W.  KIEL 

Hon.  Henry  W.  Kiel:  "I  am  proud  of  our  great  city  and  it 
gives  me  much  pleasure  to  welcome  delegates  here.  I  think 
this  is  an  important  occasion,  and  is  worthy  of  the  attention  and 
attendance  of  all  who  are  interested  in  the  vital  subjects  here 
considered." 

"It  is  due  to  the  men  and  women  of  the  early  days  who  had 
the  vision  to  look  fofward  and  see  our  real  needs  that  enables 
us  and  cpialifies  us  to  meet  and  discuss  these  important  sub- 
jects. From  time  to  time  our  brainy  men  and  women  adopted 
certain  methods  that  have  been  developed  into  national  systems." 

"1  must  congratulate  you  upon  this  occasion  and  I  wish  to 
encourage  the  people  of  St.  Louis  along  the  particular  lines  that 
are  your  object  and  purpose  today." 

"I  wish  my  time  was  not  so  limited.  I  know  you  have  a 
long  program,  but  this  is  a  subject  I  would  like  to  discuss  with 
you.  indeed,  but  your  chairman  has  limited  me  to  a  few  words. 
I  am  glad  to  be  here,  and  I  thank  you  for  the  great  privilege  you 
have  accorded  me." 

10 


. 

MfcTjl 

yrwl 

|'\    1 

M   %  V       .^1 

. 

BP^l 

'. 

wk 

Ml 

«$!&& 

LOUIS  J.   BLOCK 


The  Philosophic  Schools  of  St.  Louis,  Jack- 
sonville, Concord  and  Chicago 

By  Louis  J.  Block 

Mr.  President,  ladies  and  gentlemen:  I  think  every- 
body who  ever  makes  a  speech  of  any  kind  finds  this  difficulty, 
that  he  discovers  that  it  is  next  to  impossible  for  him,  however 
careful  he  may  be  and  however  admirably  he  may  attempt  to 
speak,  to  reach  the  sort  of  eulogistic  introduction  with  which  he 
is  presented  to  an  audience.  I  find  myself  very  much  in  that 
difficulty  this  morning,  and  now  I  shall  have  to  live  up  to  a  cer- 
tain standard  which  my  good  friend,  Mr.  David  Harris,  has 
presented. 

I  am  here  to  tell  a  very  plain  and  simple  story,  a  story  that 
in  my  opinion  ranks  in  importance  and  in  intrinsic  character  with 
any  similar  story  that  is  to  be  told  within  the  entire  range  of 
time.  I  am  perfectly  aware  of  what  1  am  saying,  and  if  the  point 
of  view  may  seem  to  you  large  and  the  intimation  made  rather 
extensive,  I  believe  that  the  facts,  spiritual,  educational,  phi- 
losophical, will  entirely  bear  me  out. 

1  have  made  acquaintance  with  philosophical  movements 
at  different  times  and  in  different  parts  of  the  world,  and  al- 
t bough  I  may,  as  I  say,  make  a  statement  that  seems  very  large 
and  may  seem  difficult  to  prove,  I  do  not  hesitate,  however,  in 
stating  that  the  great  movement  which  occurred  in  the  city  of 
St.  Louis  some  thirty  or  forty  years  ago,  and  whose  leaders  and 
protagonists  were  men  whom  some  of  us  have  known  inti- 
mately, Mr.  William  T.  Harris,  Mr.  Denton  J.  Snider,  Mr. 
Thomas  Davidson,  Mr.  Adolph  Kroeger,  Mr,  George  H.  Howison, 
of  whom  I  think  I  shall  have  the  privilege  later  of  saying  a  few 
words,  in  importance  and  in  far  reaching  results,  ranks  with  the 
greatest  movements  of  the  kind  that  we  can  find  in  all  history. 

I  have  often  wondered,  and  I  believe  that  I  have  ventured 
sometimes  at  a  difference  of  opinion  with  Mr.  Denton  J.  Snider, 
in  his  naming  his  last  book,  "The  St.  Louis  Movement".  I  may 
say  I  lived  the  first  years  of  my  life  here  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis. 
I   practically  began   my  life  here,   I   think    1    was  two  years  old 

13 


when  they  brought  me  here,  and  I  lived  here  until  1  was  about 
twenty-one.  I  had  the  privilege  of  attending  the  great  public 
schools  of  this  city,  and  afterwards  went  to  Washington  Univer- 
sity where  1  graduated.  So  I  have  nothing  in  the  world  against 
St.  Louis ;  St.  Louis  is  as  dear  to  me  today  as  it  was  in  the  olden 
days  when  with  other  boys  I  wandered  along  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi  River  and  climbed  into  the  ferry  boat  and  went  over 
to  Venice  and  the  other  places  on  the  other  side  to  take  a  plunge 
in  its  rather  murky  and  somewhat  forbidding  waters. 

I  have  often  wondered  why  this  movement  should  receive 
the  limiting  name  of  the  "St.  Louis  Movement".  There  were 
reasons  doubtless  in  the  character  of  the  city  in  those  early  days 
why  the  ambitious  and  high  minded  young  men  found  it  desirable 
to  come  to  St.  Louis,  and  it  was  the  coming  together  of  men  who 
were  then  alive  to  the  deepest  interests  of  the  time  and  to  the 
deepest  interests  of  all  time.  They  came  together  in  St.  Louis, 
they  formed  the  group  here  which  worked  together.  They 
developed  that  system  of  thought  which  has  illustrated  and 
which  to  some  of  us  has  made  St.  Louis  a  kind  of  a  Mecca,  to 
which  we  have  looked  for  enlightment  and  for  illumination  in 
the  dark  places  which  we  all  find  in  the  progress  of  our  lives. 

If  one  may  go  back  a  little  and  study  the  history  of  philoso- 
phic thought  in  the  United  States,  one  will  find,  I  think,  three 
somewhat  well  demarcated  divisions  in  the  history.  If  one  were 
to  write  a  history  of  thought  in  the  United  States,  I  think  he 
probably  would  discover  that  he  would  want  to  make  in  that 
history,  three  sections.  The  first  section  doubtless  would  be  a 
section  which  would  have  characteristics  of  the  following  kind, 
it  might  be  called  the  "Primary  Section",  which  is  distinctly 
under  the  domination  of  some  ruling  dogma  or  some  ruling 
principle,  which  comes  to  it  not  from  its  own  inner  develop- 
ment, but  actually  comes  to  it  from  without. 

There  wias  that  first  movement  of  thought  which  was  purely 
dogmatic  and  dominated  by  principles  and  by  systematic  pro- 
cedures that  came  to  it  not  out  of  its  own  inner  development, 
but  came  to  it  exteriorly.  It  was  the  time  of  obedience  to 
authority,  it  was  the  time  of  the  justification  of  authority,  it  was 
the  time  when  the  whole  system  of  thought  moved  within  the 
limitations  of  an  external  authority. 

All  the  great  people  who  came  to  this  country  and  settled 

14 


on  these  shores,  came  with  those  dogmatic  ideas  fully  imbedded 
in  them,  they  "were  the  center  of  their  life,  they  were  the  most 
important  things  to  them,  they  were  the  basis  of  all  their  spiritual 
experience.  It  was  a  life  dominated  we  may  say — and  not  in  any 
harsh  sense  or  in  any  sense  that  is  not  fully  illuminating  and 
giving  them  just  and  fair  treatment — by  the  influence  of  an 
exterior  authority,  under  what  may  be  called  a  system  of  dogma. 

The  inevitable  results,  of  course,  had  to  follow  from  that, 
because  the  human  mind,  it  appears,  cannot  subsist  in  that  con- 
dition— the  revolt  ensues.  Of  course.  I  coidd  mention  some  of 
the  great  minds  and  great  people  who  belonged  to  that  first 
period,  perhaps  it  is  not  necessary  to  do  that. 

But  the  second  and  the  antithetic  movement  necessarily 
came  to  pass.  The  dogma  no  longer  -was  satisfactory,  and  par- 
ticularly the  imposition  of  external  authority  no  longer  could 
be  endured.  The  revolt  ensued,  and  the  revolt  produced  what 
in  the  ordinary  understanding  is  the  greatest  period  of  our 
philosophic  and  literary  history.  That  is  the  great  time  when  in 
New  England  the  '-Transcendentalist,"  published  the  '"Dial", 
and  the  whole  antithetic  and  liberating  movement  began  to  ap- 
pear in  philosophic  thought,  in  literature,  in  poetry,  in  the  novel. 
To  that  liberalism  and  to  that  development,  Wholly,  we  owe  the 
men  and  the  women  to  whom  we  still  look  up  ;  that  is  to  say, 
probably  you  and  I  look  up  to  them.  I  most  assuredly  do.  what- 
soever the  enlightenment  of  the  younger  minds  who  are  now 
figuring  in  the  literary  field  may  say  about  it.  But  I  still,  as 
I  did  when  I  was  a  mere  boy,  sit  at  the  feet  of  the  great  and  the 
serene  and  the  noble  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson. 

I  still  look  back  upon  the  times  when  my  own  illumination 
and  my  awn  development  took  me  to  the  great  writers  of  New 
England;  Emerson,  Lowell,  Margaret  Fuller,  Hawthorne. 
Thoreau,  are  the  great  liberators  of  the  United  States.  We  all 
owe  them  that  indebtedness.  They  freed  us  from  the  exterior 
authorjty  which  was  dominating  everyone  of  us  and  which  we 
felt  impossible  longer  to  endure. 

But  it  may  be  said,  perhaps,  that  any  revolt  of  that  kind 
carries  with  it  something  of  the  elements  and  something  of  the 
preceding  characteristics  against  which  it  arose,  and  that  how- 
ever liberalistic  it  may  appear,  it  yet  assumes  in  different  phases 
something  of  the  character  of  the  period  that  anteceded  it. 

15 


They  were  not  wholly  free.  That  was  a  battle  and  a  fight 
and  it  was  a  great  battle  and  a  great  fight.  What  it  did  for  this 
country  we  all  know.  It  gave  freedom  to  this  whole  land.  They 
were  the  center  of  the  great  abolitionist  movement,  they  in- 
spired the  great  man  of  his  time  and  of  his  country.  They  gave 
the  spirit  and  the  soul  to  Abraham  Lincoln,  they  liberated  all  of 
us.  And  yet,  the  elements  were  not  quite  fully  mixed,  it  needed 
a  greater  liberation  yet.  They  accepted  more  or  less  certain 
fundamental  doctrines  without  giving  them  the  entire  and  com- 
plete examination  which  they  deserved. 

There  had  to  come  a  third,  a  greater  and  a  larger  movement, 
a  movement  of  absolutely  free  thought  that  felt  that  the  first 
thing  it  had  to  do  was  to  find  out  what  its  awn  presuppositions 
were,  and  to  find  a  justification  in  free  thought  for  whatever 
justification  there  was.  That  was  an  entirely  free  movement  of 
free  thinking,  and  that  free  movement  of  free  thinking  was  made 
by  the  men  in  whose  honor  we  are  having  this  celebration  here 
today.  And  not  any  one  of  them,  deserves  a  higher  mention 
than  the  man  in  whose  presence  we  stand. 

This  was  the  appearance  on  this  continent  of  absolutely  free 
thought;  thinking  itself  wholly  and  entirely  and  systematically, 
thinking  its  own  presuppositicns,  building  up  its  own  develop- 
ment, and  culminating  in  its  own  entire  complete  self  recogni- 
tion and  creative  activity.  It  was  a  movement  of  free  thought 
comparable  with  the  great  movement  of  free  thought  in  Athens 
when  Aristotle  and  Plato  and  Socrates  emancipated  the  Greek 
young  man  and  the  Greek  manhood  altogether.  It  was  a  move- 
ment of  thinking  entirely  comparable  with  the  greatest  move- 
ment of  the  Middle  ages.  However,  the  Middle  Ages  may  have 
come  under  the  influence  of  what  may  be  called  dogmatic  ele- 
ments, nevertheless  the  great  thinkers  of  that  time,  if  thev  will 
he  closely  investigated,  will  he  found  to  be  as  liberalistic  as  any 
that  lived  anywhere. 

The  great  thinking  movement  of  the  Middle  Ages  that 
centered  around  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  was  a  liberalistic  move- 
ment in  every  sense  of  the  word.  The  St.  Louis  movement  is 
comparable  with  that  one,  and  especially  is  it  comparable  with 
the  other  great  movement,  the  great  movement  in  modern  times, 
the  great  movement  which  influenced  these  men  so  profoundly 
and  so  deeply,  the  great  movement  in  Germany,  the  great  move- 
ment  whose   leader   was   the   immortal    Immanuel    Kant.      Then 

16 


came  the  young  enthusiasts,  on  the  one  side.  Fichte  with  his 
moralistic  idealism  and  his  profound  sense  of  the  right  and  of 
duty.  He  may  be  called  a  subjective  idealist,  but  if  that  is 
subjective  idealism,  1  should  think  that  all  of  us  would  like  to 
get  as  much  of  it  as  we  can.  There  was  the  other  young  man 
who  took  the  other  side,  the  one  who  studied  nature  so  profound- 
ly and  built  up  a  system  of  nature.  Schelling.  Then,  greatest  of 
all,  the  wisest  philosopher  in  the  whole  history  of  time,  Hegel, 
at  whose  feet  honorably  and  nobly  sat  the  young  men  who  began 
life  here  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis. 

The  "St.  Louis  Movement",  therefore,  in  my  opinion  should 
be  characterized  in  the  first  place  as  a  great  national  movement, 
and,  while  no  one  has  any  objection  to  calling  it  the  "St.  Louis 
Movement",  because  it  did  start  and  originate  here;  neverthe- 
less, it  belongs  organically  and  properly  speaking  to  the  entire 
history  of  philosophic  thought  in  the  United  States.  It  is  the 
third  in  the  series,  as  the  first  was  the  dogmatic  movement,  the 
second  was  the  revolt,  and  this  is  the  concrete,  full  recognition 
of  the  significance  of  thought,  of  free  thought  within  the  mind 
of  man,  also  outside  there  in  the  great  world  of  nature,  also 
above  and  surrounding  all  of  us  within  the  Divine  in  Whom  we 
live  and  move  and  have  our  being. 

We  shall  not  understand  the  St.  Louis  Movement  aright. 
I  believe,  unless  wre  take  it  in  that  proper  sense;  and  we  shall 
also  further  have  to  take  it  as  a  new  revelation  to  mankind  of 
all  that  is  positive,  of  all  that  is  spiritual,  of  all  that  is  the  very 
essence  and  the  very  life  of  the  spirit  of  mankind  and  of  every- 
one of  us.  As  I  said,  there  was  connected  with  that  movement 
the  inspirer,  Mr.  Brockmeyer,  whom  I  knew  very  slightly.  But 
I  met  the  other  inspirer,  I  met  the  other  man  more  intimately, 
who  seemed  to  me  to  have  walked  out  of  the  Paradise  of  Dante 
and  who  has  been  like  the  great  St.  John  who,  at  the  very  last 
moment  of  the  whole  paradisiacal  experience  took  Dante  and 
showed  him  the  illumination  in  the  heavens  above.  That  man  I 
knew  very  well,  and  that  man  always  has  been  to  me  as  the 
representative  of  an  ideal  and  of  a  nobility  and  a  profundity  of 
thought  that  surpasses  in  many  respects  any  other  man  whom  I 
have  known.  You  know  whom  I  mean.  He  walked  your  streets, 
he  taught  in  your  schools,  he  took  care  of  your  little  children,  he 
did  every  task  that  the  ordinary  man  would  do,  but  he  lived  ever- 
lastingly and  eternally  in  the  presence  of  the  vision  of  the  im- 
mortal.    1   speak  of  William  Torrey   Harris. 

17 


Now  another  man  we  have  with  us,  and  I  look  at  him  now. 
I  think  of  him  as  I  have  known  him  for  all  these  many  years,  1 
speak  of  him  just  as  he  was  when  I  first  began  to  know  him. 
Every  great  movement  of  this  kind  must  have  in  it  a  man  like 
Denton  J.  Snider,  and  the  function  of  a  man  like  Denton  J.  Snider 
is  indispensable  to  every  movement  of  this  kind.  First  comes 
inevitably  the  profound  revelation  in  the  discovery  of  truth ;  next 
comes  the  application  of  all  this  great  truth  in  all  the  fields  of 
life ;  third,  and  above  that,  comes  the  creation  of  a  new  world,  a 
new  world  of  art,  a  new  world  of  thought,  a  new  world  of  re- 
ligion. There  comes  the  necessity  of  complete  and  adequate 
expression,  the  new  wine  has  to  be  put  into  new  bottles,  and  the 
new  bottles  must  go  all  over  and  around  the  world. 

There  must  be  the  finder  and  the  discoverer  of  the  ever- 
lasting idea,  there  must  be  a  man  who  will  tell  and  speak  and 
utter  and  express  the  everlasting  truth  to  all  mankind.  He 
is  the  great  writer,  the  great  expresser,  the  one  who  mediates 
between  the  everlasting  truth  and  the  great  audiences  who  are 
expected  to  hear  it.  In  that  place  and  in  that  function  stands 
the  noble  man  in  whose  honor  we  are  met  here  today  and,  when 
the  work  is  estimated  aright,  and  it  is  placed  in  comparison  with 
the  work  of  any  other  one  of  the  great  expressers  of  the  world — 
because  in  every  epoch  and  every  time,  and  wherever  there  has 
been  any  philosophy  the  great  expresser  has  come,  the  expresser 
here  today  ranks  entirely  and  completely  (in  the  estimates  of  all 
those  who  are  worthy  to  know  and  to  give  an  opinion)  with  the 
greatest  men  that  have  figured  in  that  field  since  time  began. 

The  three  St.  Louis  leaders  appear  to  me  as  follows:  Brock- 
meyer  brought  Europe  with  him,  he  translates  the  logic  of 
Hegel ;  Harris  antithetic  to  Europe  brings  New  England  and 
America  with  him;  the  unifier  and  medium  of  expression,  the 
giver  of  the  system  to  the  world  is  Denton  J.  Snider.  It  is  only 
incumbent  upon  all  of  us  to  say  this  and  to  express  what  we  feel. 
Denton  J.  Snider  has  been  to  everyone  of  us,  what  Denton  J. 
Snider  increasingly  is  going  to  be  to  all  mankind,  I  am  just  as 
sure  of  it  as  I  am  of  standing  on  this  platform,  that  those  books 
belong  to  the  everlasting  possessions  of  the  human  race,  the 
human  race  will  never  let  them  go,  they  will  be  in  all  libraries 
and  they  will  have  readers  upon  readers,  and  everybody  will 
feel  that  again,  as  he  himself  has  said,  speaking  of  the  literary 
bibles.  "We  have  another  revelator,  another  messenger,  another 

18 


angel  of  the  Lord  with  us  who  has  delivered  his  message  and  has 

set  it  down  in  writ  for  everyone  of  us." 

Now.  I  have  been  asked  to  talk  on  another  subject.  T  believe 
I  have  about  exhausted  my  time,  and  the  other  subject  that  I 
was  asked  to  speak  about  was  the  Philosophical  Schools  having 
their  origin  in  the  St.  Louis  Movement.  It  will  carry  out  the 
thesis  which  I  have  been  attempting"  to  develop  and  carry  out 
further  the  meaning;  and  significance  of  the  St.  Louis  Move- 
ment, and  also  carry  out  further  the  way  in  which  it  has  been 
going  from  one  end  of  this  country  to  the  other. 

I  knew  a  number  of  these  movements  quite  intimately,  I 
was  part  of  them,  I  was  in  them,  so  I  can  speak  from  first  hand 
knowledge.  I  shall  do  this  very  briefly,  because  1  do  not  care 
to  take  up  much  more  of  your  time. 

The  first  one  of  these  so-called  philosophical  schools  that  1 
wish  to  speak  about  is  one  that  had  its  center  in  one  of  your 
neighboring  cities.  I  have  been  asked  to  s;)eak  about  the  phi- 
losophical schools  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  I  must  express  my  in- 
ability to  do  that,  some  person  who  knotws  the  philosophical 
schools  of  St.  Louis  much  better  than  I  do  must  speak  on  that 
subject.  All  that  I  can  tell  you  is  that  when  I  was  a  young  man 
in  Washington  University  here,  filled  with  my  own  ambitions. 
trying  to  write  poetry  and  reading  all  kinds  of  things,  and  in 
trying  to  find  a  way  out  of  terrors  of  different  kinds  that  came 
to  me,  the  terrors  of  a  purely  subjective  knowledge  which  shut 
me  up  within  my  own  self,  and  I  did  not  know  how  I  was  going 
to  get  out  of  my  own  head  and  find  anything  out  of  myself. 

I  was  made  an  associate  member  of  the  Philosophical 
Society  of  St.  Louis,  and  1  attended  a  number  of  those  meetings. 
I  remember  one  meeting  particularly  in  which  the  guest  of  honor 
was  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  and  Emerson  read  a  very  remark- 
able and  beautiful  paper  on  that  occasion.  Emerson  was  not  by 
nature  a  controversialist,  he  disliked  that  very  much,  I  have  heard 
him  say  so  himself.  I  think  it  was  on  that  occasion  he  was  rather 
severely  taken  to  task  by  a  gentleman  who  probably  is  unknown 
to  anyone  of  you  here,  I  think  he  has  passed  into  that  grateful 
oblivion  into  which  all  such  controversialists  should  pass.  But 
nothing  was  more  beautiful  than  the  way  in  which  the  philoso- 
phers came  to  the  rescue  of  the  visitor,  and  especially  was  the 
rescue  made  by  my  own  teacher.  Professor  George  H.  Howison, 
of  Washington  University. 

19 


I  can  tell  you  very  little  about  the  philosophical  schools  of 
St.  Louis,  but  I  can  tell  you  more  about  some  of  the  philosophical 
schools  outside  of  this  city.  I  know  there  was  a  great  phil- 
osophical school,  a  very  remarkable  movement  in  the  city  of 
Quincy,  Illinois.  This  was  under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  Samuel 
Emery,  and  Mr.  Samuel  Emery  had  around  him  a  group  of  men 
and  women  who  met  once  a  week  for  the  study  of  fundamental 
thought. 

The  book  that  they  used  was  a  translation  made  by  Mr. 
Henry  C.  Brockmeyer,  and  that  was  a  translation  in  manuscript 
of  the  logic  of  Hegel.  They  were  studying,  these  men  and 
women,  business  men  leaving  their  business,  women  leaving 
their  various  avocations  and  coming  together  once  a  week  sin 
Quincy  to  study  the  logic  of  Hegel.  That  was  one  of  the  out- 
growths of  the  St.  Louis  Movement. 

I  am  endeavoring  to  demonstrate,  and  what  I  wish  to  show 
is  that  the  St.  Louis  Movement  was  not  an  isolated  fact  here  in 
this  city  on  the  banks  of  the  great  Mississippi,  but  it  was  having 
its  influence  all  over  this  land,  and  that  everywhere  groups  of 
men  and  women  were  awakened  to  know  intellectual  effort  of 
the  highest  kind  by  the  word  that  came  from  this  group  of  men 
who  were  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis. 

In  a  neighboring  town,  where  I  lived  for  some  ten  years  and 
where  I  had  the  honor  of  constant  association  with  my  good  old 
friend,  David  Harris,  in  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  there  was  another 
movement.  Jacksonville  is  perhaps  the  "pearl  city"  of  Illinois, 
it  is  a  beautiful  town,  and  it  has  had  for  a  long  time  a  great 
many  educational  institutions.  They  seem  to  have  grouped  them- 
selves there,  and  the  people  all  around  in  that  neighborhood  and 
that  vicinity  have,  after  having  built  up  such  competency  as  they 
thought  desirable,  gone  to  Jacksonville  to  live,  to  spend  their  last 
days  there,  and  they  bring  with  them  their  families.  It  is,  there- 
fore, a  rather  selected  community. 

I  remember  the  ten  years  1  lived  there  with  an  interest  that 
I  can  hardly  express.  I  never  had  ten  happier  years  in  all  my 
life,  and  no  matter  what  may  happen  to  me  in  this  world  or  in 
any  other  to  which  I  go,  I  know  I  shall  not  meet  anywhere 
nobler  men  or  nobler  women. 

In  that  town  had  established  himself  a  man  who  was  born 
in  Missouri  and  then  had  gone  over  to  Jacksonville,  had  attended 

20 


DR.   HIRAM  K.  JONES 


Illinois  College,  and  after  graduating  from  Illinois  College,  he 
had  become  interested  and  had  gone  deeply  into  Greek  studies. 
He  went  through  his  medical  course  and  became  a  doctor,  he 
developed  into  the  most  remarkable  physician  of  that  town,  no 
other  doctor  could  be  placed  in  comparison  with  him,  and  he 
had  a  rather  curious  practice  which  he  developed  and  used  with 
every  patient.  When  a  patient  came  to  him,  the  first  thing 
that  he  did  was  this :  He  gave  him  no  medicines  of  any  kind 
whatsoever,  he  sat  down  by  his  bedside,  he  began  to  talk  to  him. 
He  has  told  me  often  that  he  could  treat  no  patient  until  he 
found  out  what  his  internal,  his  mental,  his  spiritual,  his  psycho- 
logical condition  was.  He  talked  with  him  over  and  over  again 
and  talked  with  him  on  varying  subjects,  and  very  frequently  he 
gave  no  medicines  of  any  kind  whatsoever. 

He  left  his  patient  with  some  healing  and  consoling  vision, 
and  it  was  very  remarkable  all  over  that  city  that  wherever  the 
doctor  went,  health  and  cure  and  consolation  accompanied  him. 
Now,  this  Dr.  Hiram  K.  Jones  very  soon  after  his  graduation 
and  after  his  establishment  there,  in  his  function  as  chief  phy- 
sician to  the  city — because  he  was  that  if  ever  any  man  was, 
he  needed  no  appointment  from  any  official  source,  he  had  made 
himself  the  doctor-in-chief,  the  developer-in-chief,  the  adviser- 
in-chief,  the  healer-in-chief  of  that  whole  city — began  the  study 
of  Plato.  He  gradually  brought  around  him  a  group  of  men  and 
women  comparable  with  the  group  in  Quincy,  Illinois. 

Mr.  Harris  and  myself  sat  in  that  conventicle,  in  that  holy 
chapel,  in  that  church  where  the  message  came  from  beyond  and 
descended  straight  from  the  throne.  We  sat  there  listening  to 
the  words  as  they  fell  from  the  lips  of  Dr.  Hiram  K.  Jones.  The 
dialogues  of  Plato  were  the  text  we  studied,  over  and  over  again 
did  we  go  through  those  dialogues ;  we  went  through  them 
scientifically  and  fully,  we  studied  them  as  they  should  be 
studied. 

We  had  the  original  text,  we  had  all  kinds  of  translations, 
but  above  them  all,  we  had  the  man  whose  mind  was  akin  to 
Plato's  own,  and  who,  out  of  that  kinship  and  out  of  that  under- 
standing, came  to  us  with  the  great  message  of  the  great 
philosopher,  noble  and  elevating,  and  we  felt  that  we  were 
listening  to  the  words  of  the  great  Greek  himself. 

Now,  that  was  the  group  in  Jacksonville,  that  group  1  knew 
intimately.     I  cannot  say  that  that  group  grew  out   of  the   St. 

23 


Louis  group,  that  was  an  original  center  of  philosophic  thought 
of  its  own.  But  the  two  groups  met,  and  often  visitations  came 
both  from  Quincy  and  from  St.  Louis ;  from  Quincy,  Mr.  Emery ; 
from  St.  Louis  Denton  J.  Snider  and  Thomas  Davidson  ;  these 
gentlemen  gave  talks  and  lectures  before  the  Plato  Club. 

The  Plato  Club  met  every  Saturday  morning  at  ten  o'clock, 
the  lecture  lasted  from  ten  to  twelve,  and  it  met  always  in  the 
house  of  Mrs.  Joseph  King.  That  house  is  still  standing  there, 
and  I  have  gone  sometimes  to  Jacksonville,  and,  although  it  is 
now  shut  and  the  family  have  all  gone  away,  I  have  stood  in 
front  of  it  and  1  have  thought  of  the  great  hours  that  were 
spent  under  that  roof  in  listening  to  the  illuminated  words  of 
the  great  thinker  and  great  man. 

Coordinate  with  Dr.  Jones  there  came  another  man  whom 
we  met  and  who  came  to  us,  and  this  man  also,  after  graduation 
from  college,  had  been  attracted  through  his  Greek  study  to  the 
Platonistic  philosophy.  He  did  not,  however,  study  Plato  so 
much  as  he  became  attracted  to  the  great  followers  of  Plato. 
He  was  a  New-Platonist.  This  gentleman  lives  in  a  little  town 
up  in  Missouri,  I  always  intended  to  visit  him- — ■ 

Chairman  Harris:     He  died  a  few  months  ago. 

Mr.  Block  (Cont'd.)  :  1  had  not  heard  that.  He  was  Mr. 
Thomas  J.  Johnson,  of  Osceola.  That  was  another  philosophic 
center.  Then  after  the  group  here  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis  had 
somewhat  disintegrated  and  separated,  going  to  different  parts 
of  the  country,  other  groups  were  formed.  I  remember  very  dis- 
tinctly that  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  Bronson  Alcott,  who  came  to 
Jacksonville  very  often,  by  the  way,  and  made  us  very  prolonged 
visits,  William  T.  Harris  and  Dr.  H.  K.  Jones  met  at  Concord. 
Whether  this  was  a  prearrangement  with  these  men,  1  do  not 
know,  whether  it  was  one  of  those  accidents  which  are  not 
accidents  but  milestones  in  the  development  of  mankind. 

They  met  in  Concord  and  they  talked  it  all  over,  and  they 
decided  they  would  make  a  philosophic  center  in  Concord  and 
out  of  that  meeting  came  the  Concord  School.  It  was  deter- 
mined on  in  this  meeting,  a  meeting  at  which  were  present  the 
men  whom  I  have  mentioned,  not  only  men  but  women  were 
there  as  well.  Mrs.  Jones,  the  wife  of  Dr.  Jones,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Walcott  of  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Denman,  of 
Quincy.     They  were  present  in  Concord  and  they  decided  that 

24 


they  would  have  the  Concord  school.    Announcements  were  then 
made  and  the  Concord  School  met  the  following  year. 

I  went  to  the  Concord  School.  I  was  there  during  a  number 
of  the  sessions.  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  delivered  no  lectures 
at  that  time.  I  remember  only  one  paper  that  he  read  once  in 
the  church  to  which  he  belonged,  and  that  was  an  evening  meet- 
ing, not  connected  with  the  school  itself. 

Mr.  Alcott  was  in  all  his  glory  and  delivered  a  great  many 
lectures  during  the  Concord  School  of  Philosophy.  Those  who 
were  left  of  the  great  transcendental  group,  most  of  them  came 
to  the  Concord  School  of  Philosophy;  Mrs.  Edna  Dow  Cheney, 
Dr.  Bartol,  David  A.  Wasson,  Colonel  Thomas  \V.  Higginson. 
Frank  Sanborn  ;  all  these  people  came  to  the  Concord  School  of 
Philosophy.  Mr.  Emery  broke  up  his  home  in  Quincy  and  came 
to  live  in  Concord,  and  he  was  the  moderator  at  the  various 
lectures. 

But  this  is  the  main  point  I  wish  to  come  to,  and  I  wish  to 
come  to  it  quickly  because  I  must  not  prolong  this  lecture  much 
more.  The  men  who  were  at  the  center  of  the  movement  in 
Concord  were  the  St.  Louis  men  and  the  Jacksonville  men.  Dr. 
Jones  went  there  to  lecture  on  Platonism,  Mr.  Snider  was  there 
to  lecture  on  the  great  poets,  Mr.  Harris  was  their  leader  and 
shining  illuminator  in  every  field.  So  that  the  Concord  School 
of  Philosophy,  when  properly  understood  and  properly  related 
to  the  philosophic  movement  of  this  country,  is  part  of  and  be- 
longs to  the  St.  Louis  Movement.  It  is  a  part  of  the  movement 
which  began  here  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  That  is  another  in- 
dication of  how  widespread  the  influence  of  the  St.  Louis  Move- 
ment has  been. 

Then  there  was  in  Chicago,  in  the  city  of  Materialistic 
development  and  in  the  city  which  shows  those  characteristics 
of  push  and  rivalry  and  business  that  belong  to  so  much  of 
American  life,  in  that  city  penetrated  once  again  the  St.  Louis 
Movement.  It  came  there  in  all  its  strength  and  all  its  vigor, 
and  Harris  and  Davidson  and  Snider  established  the  literary 
schools  under  the  auspices  of  Miss  Elizabeth  Harrison,  connect- 
ed with  The  Kindergarten  College,  for  four  years  in  succession 
they  came  and  they  had  a  Shakespeare  and  a  Dante  School  and 
a  Goethe  School  and  a  Homer  School,  and  it  was  once  more  the 
illumination  that  came  from  St.  Louis  that  established  itself 
there. 

25 


Then  afterwards,  Thomas  Davidson  bought  a  farm  in  the 
Adirondacks,  in  an  attractive  place,  and  in  that  he  built  up  a 
summer  school  of  philosophy,  and  once  more  the  St.  Louis 
people  came  to  that  school.  Mr.  Snider,  I  believe  never  went 
to  Glenmore,  that  was  the  school  of  Thomas  Davidson,  and 
Davidson  and  Harris  were  the  great  leaders  in  that  school.  So 
once  more  the  St.  Louis  Movement  established  itself  under  the 
shadows  and  in  the  sunlight  and  besides  the  running  streams  of 
the  Adirondacks.  That  was  a  great  school,  and  great  men  as- 
semble there.  Mr.  Josiah  Royce,  of  Harvard  College,  Mr. 
William  James,  of  Harvard,  Mr.  Felix  Adler,  who  lived  in  the 
neighborhood,  Thomas  Davidson,  William  T.  Harris.  It  was 
a  great  and  remarkable  experience  while  it  lasted,  but  it  belongs 
and  distinctly  is  associated  with  the  St.  Louis  Movement. 

I  come  now  to  the  last  one  about  which  I  wish  to  speak,  and 
I  feel  about  this  one  I  should  say  a  few  words  more,  because 
somehow  or  other  the  name  of  this  man  has  not  been  mentioned 
as  often  as  in  my  own  opinion  it  ought  to  be.  While  I  was  at 
Washington  LIniversity  I  had  several  teachers  there,  who  filled 
me  with  an  admiration  and  with  an  affection  that  I  shall  carry 
with  me  as  long  as  I  live.  One  was  the  great  teacher  of  mathe- 
matics, Chancellor  Chauvenet,  the  other  was  my  teacher  of 
Greek,  the  strange  and  remarkable  personality  who  came  here 
and  went  through  this  valley  of  tears  under  the  name  of  Sylves- 
ter Waterhouse,  possibly  some  of  you  remember  him.  Then, 
inspiring  was  the  professor  of  philosophy,  George  H.  Howison. 
I  know  of  no  man  who  can  surpass  him  in  the  inspiring  power  of 
utterance  and  in  the  nobility  of  his  thinking.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  men  I  think  this  country  has  ever  produced. 

I  want  to  bring  him  in  here  because  he  has  in  a  way  spread 
the  influence  of  the  St.  Louis  Movement  very  widely.  Professor 
Howison,  after  being  here  in  St.  Louis  for  a  number  of  years. 
went  to  the  Boston  School  of  Technology ;  from  there  he  went 
to  the  University  of  Michigan,  filling  the  place  of  Professor  John 
Dewey.  Professor  John  Dewey,  whatever  his  weight  and  in- 
fluence now  is,  got  his  inspiration,  his  start  from  the  St.  Louis 
Movement  and  he  belongs  to  the  St.  Louis  Movement.  He  may 
not  think  that  he  does,  and  possibly  if  you  spoke  to  him  about  it, 
he  might  deny  it,  but  nevertheless  he  does  organically  belong  to 
it. 

Mr.   Howison  went  to  the  University  of  California,  he  be- 

26 


came  the  head  professor  of  philosophy  there,  and  he  spent  the 
remaining  years  of  his  life  there.  He  had  around  him  a  body  of 
most  enthusiastic  students,  lie  established  the  Philosophic  Union 
there,  a  union  made  up  principally  of  the  advanced  members 
of  his  class.  This  Philosophic  Union  had  regular  meetings  in 
Berkeley,  and  it  had  as  lecturers  some  of  the  greatest  men  that 
have  figured  on  both  sides  of  the  water,  not  only  men  of  note 
in  philosophy  in  America,  hut  in  Germany,  England  and  France, 

Professor  Howison  had  a  hand  of  enthusiastic  students, 
and  this  is  my  final  point  in  the  illustration  of  the  wide  spread 
influence  of  the  St.  Louis  Movement.  These  pupils  that  gradu- 
ated under  Professor  Howison  have  become  in  their  turn  pro- 
fessors in  the  great  universities  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
president  of  the  great  university  of  the  city  of  New  York,  the 
second  largest  university  in  the  L'nited  States,  a  university  ac- 
cording to  the  latest  accounts  having  eleven  thousand  students. 
a  university  absolutely  free  and  connected  with  the  public  school 
system  of  the  city  of  New  York,  the  president  of  that  great 
university  is  Professor  Sidney  Mezes,  a  pupil  and  a  graduate 
from  the  classes  of  Professor  Howison. 

The  head  professor  of  philosophy  at  Yale  College,  Professor 
Bakewell,  an  intimate  personal  friend  of  Davidson's,  was  a 
student,  a  graduate  from  Professor  Howison.  The  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Cornell  University,  Professor  McGillivrav  is  a 
student  and  graduate  of  Professor  Howison.  The  head  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  John-Hopkins  University,  Professor 
Lovejoy,  is  a  student  and  pupil  of  Professor  Howison.  Pro- 
fessor Overstreet  of  the  University  of  New  York  is  a  student  of 
Dr.  Howison.  These  are  the  young  men  who  are  spreading 
philosophic  thought  all  over  the  United  States.  They  are  at  the 
head  of  philosophy  in  these  great  institutions.  They  got  their 
inspiration  from  Professor  Howison,  and  Professor  Howison 
belongs  to  the  great  group  of  men  who  flourished  here  in  the 
city  of  St.  Louis. 

So  that  the  St.  Louis  Movement  is  more  alive  today  than 
it  ever  was,  and  its  benign,  its  elevating,  its  ennobling  influence; 
its  high  positive  view  of  life;  its  solution  of  the  problems  and  the 
difficulties  that  assail  each  one  of  us;  its  justification  of  our 
highest  hopes  and  of  our  highest  demands,  of  all  our  spiritual 
nature;  its  explanations  of  all  the  great  problems  of  science,  and 
its  elevation  in  the  highest  realm  of  thought  and  aspiration  and 

27 


emotion,  in  uniting  us  with  the  everlasting,  the  eternal  and  the 
Divine,  the  work  is  going  on  more  and  more.  It  is  spreading  its 
ennobling  influence  all  over  this  land;  and  the  St.  Louis  Move- 
ment today  is  larger  and  wider  and  grander  than  it  ever  has  been 
before. 


28 


MRS.   D.   H.   HARRIS 


The    Early    St.    Louis    Movement    and   the 
Communal  University 

Address  by  Mrs.  D.  H.  Harris. 

Dr.  Snider  insisted  that  I  should  speak  at  this  meeting,  as 
he  wished  that  all  who  had  taken  part  and  had  shown  deep 
interest,  in  The  St.  Louis  Movement  should  give  their  testimony. 
I  told  him  that  we  were  not  then  living  in  St.  Louis,  but  were  in 
close  touch  with  it,  so  that  we  had  taken  some  little  part  in  it. 

Prof.  Block  of  Chicago  has  just  spoken  in  such  compre- 
hensive and  eloquent  terms  it  seems  that  there  is  but  little  left 
for  me  to  say  about  the  general  conditions.  I  can  only  give  some 
of  its  more  concrete  and  intimate  aspects  and  some  account  of 
our  personal  experience  and  intercourse  with  those  who  were 
engaged  in  it. 

We  were  living  in  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  at  the  time,  my 
husband  being  Superintendent  of  its  public  schools  with  Pro- 
fessor Louis  J.  Block  associated  with  him  as  Principal  of  the 
High  School,  so  that  we  shared  in  what  he  has  described  as  that 
most  ideal  hfe,  and  we  were  associated  with  those  highly  cul- 
tivated and  congenial  spirits,  which  secured  for  the  city  the 
distinguished  name  of  "The  Athens  of  the  West." 

We  hung  as  it  were  upon  the  fringes  of  the  St.  Louis  Move- 
ment, and  with  the  concurrence  of  our  friends  we  invited  the 
great  leaders  to  visit  us  there  at  our  home. 

Dr.  Snider  came  to  talk  to  us ;  Dr.  Harris  visited  us ;  Mr. 
Morgan  of  the  High  School;  Mr.  Thos.  Davidson;  also  Mr.  A. 
Bronson  Alcott,  of  Concord,  Mass.,  all  came  to  Jacksonville. 
Mr.  Emerson  had  lectured  there  earlier. 

Dr.  Snider  talked  to  us  on  some  aspects  of  the  world's 
literature  and  aroused  warm  discussion  among  the  ladies  when 
he  spoke  of  Goethes'  ideas  of  the  vocation  of  woman  in  Wilhelm 
Meister.  Dr.  Snider  was  altogether  stimulating  and  inspiring. 
Mr  Morgan  was  the  elegant  exponent  of  the  classical  culture 
of  St.  Louis.  Mr.  Davidson  came  in  the  flush  of  his  manhood, 
his  overflowing  spirits,  his  great  good  humor,  extensive  learning 

31 


and  wonderful  versatility,  equally  at  home  in  interpreting  the 
Parthenon  Frieze  or  discussing-  George  Eliots'  novels  or  analyz- 
ing a  Greek  tragedy  or  repeating  a  Scotch  ballad,  and  charming 
alike  in  all. 

Dr.  Harris  came  as  a  master  of  philosophic  thought  and 
if  any  had  expected  that  there  would  be  a  tilt  of  armored  knights 
as  he  and  Dr.  Jones  met  in  conflict  representing  different  schools 
of  philosophy  they  were  disappointed,  because  Dr.  Harris'  tone 
and  temper  were  shown  there.  He  was  ever  the  reconciler.  He 
always  sought  to  find  points  of  agreement  rather  than  difference, 
that  from  a  common  vantage  ground  they  might  proceed  to 
greater  insights  into  truth. 

Mr.  Alcott  was  the  Socrates,  not  of  the  Agora,  but  of  the 
parlor,  for  those  were  the  good  old  Victorian  days  when  we  still 
had  parlors.  Mr.  Alcott  was  the  leader  of  a  circle  of  cultivated 
people  met  for  discourse  and  the  success  of  his  "Conversations" 
as  they  were  called,  depended  to  a  large  extent  upon  the  intel- 
ligence and  culture  of  his  audience.  He  endeavored  to  treat 
conversation  as  a  fine  art,  developing  it  along  the  lines  of  grace 
and  beauty  as  well  as  insight  and  knowledge.  He  visited  us  two 
or  three  times  and  always  charmed  us  by  his  gentle  lovely  spirit. 
Mr.  Alcott  was  prouder  of  the  attainments  and  genius  of  his 
daughter  Louisa  Alcott,  the  author  of  "Little  Men"  and  "Little 
Women"  than  of  his  own  achievements. 

Jacksonville  was  dominated  by  the  Platonic  Philosophy  of 
which  Dr.  Hiram  K.  Jones  was  the  leader  and  the  exponent. 
This  Plato  Club  was  confined  in  its  interest  and  influence  prin- 
cipally to  Jacksonville. 

The  St.  Louis  Movement,  the  genetic  center  of  that  great 
intellectual  and  spiritual  development  took  place  after  the 
Civil  War.  Mr.  Harris,  Mr.  Brockmeyer,  Mr.  Snider  and  Mr. 
Davidson  were  associated  in  this  movement  which  began  with 
the  Kant  Class  and  Hegel  Club  and  the  study  of  Plato  and 
Aristotle,  Art  and  Literature. 

Dr.  Harris  began  with  the  study  of  Philosophy  to  stem  the 
tide  of  materialism  and  agnosticism  which  had  swept  over  the 
world  after  the  introduction  of  the  theory  of  Evolution  and  the 
rise  of  the  scientific  discoveries  of  Darwin  and  the  so-called  con- 
flict of  science  and  religion.  Dr.  Harris  established  his  "Journal 
of  Speculative  Philosophy"  in  1867  to  combat  the  ideas  of  Her- 

32 


WM.  G.  ELIOT 
Founder  of  Washington  University 


bert  Spencer  in  his  "First  Principles".  The  motto  of  the  [ournai 
was  from  Novalis  ''Though  Philosophy  can  hake  no  bread  it  can 
procure  for  us  God,  Freedom  and  Immortality". 

Many  testimonials  have  been  given  showing  the  attitude  of 
the  more  advanced  clergy  toward  this  early  movement,  appre- 
ciative of  the  service  it  afforded  in  re-enforcing  the  faith  of  many 
in  this  period  of  conflict  and  controversy. 

It  is  generally  known  that  Herbert  Spencer's  earlv  theories 
were  finally  discredited  by  himself  and  now  no  longer  hold  a 
place  as  a  system  in  the  world  of  philosophic  thought. 

The  broad  free  enlightening  character  of  the  movement  in 
St.  Louis  caused  it  to  spread  rapidly.  Not  the  least  notable 
feature  was  the  interest  that  women  took  in  this  development. 
They  had  found  the  advantage  of  working  together  during  the 
Civil  War  and  they  now  began  to  form  clubs  for  study  and 
self-improvement.  ''Culture"  became  the  watchword  of  the 
time.  Classes,  Clubs,  Reading  Circles  spread  out  from  St.  Louis 
all  over  the  country  and  there  are  now  three  millions  of  women 
in  Federated  Clubs.  Schools,  Colleges,  and  Universities  have  been 
increased  many  fold  and  women  themselves  have  been  lifted  up 
into  a  power  and  importance  hardly  dreamed  of  before.  As  one 
candidate  for  election  recently  said  before  a  group  of  women, 
they  are  better  fitted  through  their  studies  and  acquaintance 
with  public  affairs  to  take  the  reins  of  government  than  many 
men.  But  women  can  truly  say  "That  they  do  not  want  a 
matriarchate,  although  they  have  a  deep  interest  in  the  welfare 
of  the  State." 

The  ladies  who  were  associated  and  deeply  interested  in 
this  great  work  in  St.  Louis  generously  assisted  the  leaders. 
Dr.  Harris  conducted  classes  largely  attended  by  cultured 
women ;  Dr.  Snider  led  classes  in  the  Greek  Drama  for  several 
years,  and  he  may  be  considered  to  America  what  Matthew 
Arnold  is  to  England,  her  really  Greek  Spirit,  so  thoroughly  has 
he  assimulated  its  character  and  culture.  Dr.  Win.  G.  Eliot 
the  founder  of  Washington  University,  whose  remarkable  char- 
acter sent  that  institution  far  on  its  way.  was  always  the  friend 
and  upholder  of  the  women  of  our  city  in  all  their  efforts  for 
advancement.  Mr.  Schuyler  says  the  establishment  of  a  perma- 
nent, chair  of  philosophy  at  Washington  University  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  present  century  took  the  initial  step  through  the 

35 


MRS.  REBECCA  N.  HAZARD 


influence  of  the  leaders  of  the  St.  Louis  movement.  Society 
nromen  threw  open  their  houses  to  the  meetings;  among  them 
Mrs.  Rebecca  N.  Hazard,  Mrs.  Beverly  Allen  and  her  daughter 
Mrs.  Orrick.  Mrs.  Lackland  and  others.  Mrs.  Hazard's  home  was 
for  more  than  twenty  years,  almost  until  her  death,  the  home  of 
a  reading  circle,  where  the  "Literary  Bibles"  were  studied, 
notably  Dante — Mrs.  Hazard  herself  writing  a  monograph.  "A 
Xew  View  of  Dante",  which  enlisted  much  interest  and  favor- 
able comment.  St.  Louis  has  stood  back  of  her  great  leaders, 
loyally  sustaining  them,  with  approbation  and  pride  in  their 
achievements,  until  they  have  gained  national  and  international 
fame. 

Dr.  Harris'  part  as  the  leader  in  the  St.  Louis  Movement 
was  both  as  the  practical  Educator  and  Philosopher.  One  has 
said:  "Dr.  Harris'  philosophic  influence  in  America  began  just 
when  it  was  most  urgently  needed.  It  was  just  as  the  doctrine 
of  Evolution,  pregnant  itself  with  such  infinite  enlightment  and 
good  came  in,  inextricably  bound  up  for  the  time  with  English 
and  German  philosophy,  which  saw  little  beyond  secondary  cause 
and  destined  in  that  combination  to  do  mischief  for  a  generation. 
It  was  imperative  that  at  such  a  time  the  youthful  speculative 
minds  of  the  country  should  be  thrown  back  into  companionship 
with  the  real  lords  of  thought  and  taught  that  the  great  influx  of 
new  science  could  be  subsumed  and  only  adequately  subsumed 
under  a  commanding  idealistic  philosophy. 

This  serxice  Dr.  Harris  rendered  America.  He  compelled 
a  new  generation  to  open  again,  when  there  was  danger  of 
its  forgetting  it,  the  pages,  of  Hegel,  Kant.  Aristotle  and  Plato 
and  to  supplement  its  reading  by  real  thinking.  He  did  it  through 
his  "Journal  of  Speculative  Philosophy,"  through  multiplied 
courses  of  lectures,  through  the  Concord  School  of  Philosophy, 
where  he  was  from  the  first  the  central  and  dynamic  and  really 
shaping  influence  and  through  his  many  books  and  pamphlets 
which  kept  coming  from  him  all  the  time.  For  he  was  a  pro- 
digious worker  and  worked  till  the  last,  and  his  work  and  in- 
fluence will  still  go  on." 

He  wrote  extensively  upon  philosophy,  psychology,  educa- 
tion, social  science,  art  and  literature,— giving  hundreds  of  lec- 
tures to  the  most  cultivated  audiences  of  our  country. 

Among  his  most  important  books  are;  The  Introduction  to 

39 


the  Study  of  Philosophy,  Hegel's  logic.  The  Genesis  of  the 
Categories  of  the  Mind,  The  Spiritual  Sense  of  Dante's  Divine 
Comedy,  The  Psychologic  Foundations  of  Education. 

That  was  a  great  day  for  the  philosophers  of  our  country 
when  they  realized  their  long  cherished  dream  in  the  Concord 
School  of  Philosophy.  As  Mr.  Win.  Schuyler  says  "The  Concord 
School  of  Philosophy  may  be  considered  as  the  national  expan- 
sion of  the  local  movement". 

The  St.  Louis  Movement  advanced  upon  the  early  seats  of 
learning  and  culture  of  our  country  and  occupied  their  orig- 
inal strongholds.  Here  were  met  the  great  thinkers,  educators  and 
philosophers  of  the  whole  country,  from  the  east  and  west,  seek- 
ing to  solve  the  great  problems  of  thought  and  life.  It  was  con- 
sidered one  of  the  most  notable  gatherings  of  recent  times. 

We  were  there  for  a  while  and  participated  in  the  privileges 
of  the  great  movement.  We  chanced  to  arrive  in  Concord  the 
evening  of  the  day  of  their  Annual  Regatta,  celebrating  the 
Fourth  of  July,  which  had  been  postponed  on  account  of  the 
attempted  assassination  of  President  Garfield.  It  was  in  this 
refined  and  artistic  way  that  the  Concord  people  expressed  their 
patriotic  impulses  and  now  the  whole  town  with  all  the  visitors 
and  attendants  at  the  school  were  out  to  see  this  charming  sight 
so  vividly  described  in  some  of  her  annals  of  this  interesting 
town  by  Miss  Alcott.  The  little  boats  brilliantly  lighted,  each 
picturing  some  scene  from  fancy  or  history,  all  moved  down 
on  the  meandering  waters  of  the  Concord  River,  past  the  historic 
statue  of  the  "Minute  Man"  by  French,  to  the  enchanting  strains 
of  music  and  the  admiring  applause  of  the  multitude. 

We  spent  our  nights  under  what  had  been  the  Alcotts'  roof 
with  reminders  of  "Little  Men"  and  "Little  Women"  all  about  us. 
The  morning  sessions  of  the  School  were  devoted  to  lectures 
and  discussions  on  many  interesting  and  profound  philosophic 
themes.  Among  the  speakers  were  our  own  Dr.  Jones  from  the 
west,  discoursing  on  Plato's  Dialogues  and  Dr.  Snider  reading 
from  his  "Walk  in  Hellas"  which  charmed  alike  by  its  content 
as  by  its  form,  with  its  peculiarly  rythmical  prose. 

Among  other  lecturers  were  Wm.  James  of  Harvard,  also 
Josiah  Royce  and  John  Fisk,  the  great  American  Historian. 
Louis  J.  Block,  Geo.  H.  Howison  and  many  others  of  note  from 
Universities,  Colleges  and  various  seats  of  learning.    There  were 

40 


many  notable  women  present  also.  Miss  Blow  from  St.  Louis 
with  Miss  McCulloch  of  Kindergarten  fame,  and  Miss  Fruchte 
and  others  of  the  High  School ;  Miss  Peabody.  Mrs.  Edna  Cheney 
and  Mrs.  Julia   Ward   Howe  of  Boston  were  representatives  of 

the  eastern  women. 

It  was  noteworthy,  the  interest  of  the  newspaper  press  in 
getting  reports  of  all  the  sessions  and  discussions  and  their  dis- 
tribution of  them  over  the  entire  country. 

The  Concord  School  made  a  profound  and  lasting  impres- 
sion upon  the  intellectual  life  and  character  of  our  people.  This 
was  one  of  the  great  achievements  of  the  St.  Louis  Movement. 
There  were  two  other  great  achievements,  the  "Journal  of  Spec- 
ulative Philosophy,"  the  first  of  its  kind  ever  published  in 
America,  which  has  been  mentioned;  it  became  a  bond  of  intel- 
lectual interest  with  the  European  centers  of  learning.  St.  Louis 
was  for  the  time  the  World's  Center  of  Philosophic  thought  and 
it  is  said  to  have  aided  the  interest  in  our  great  "World's  Fair." 

The  other  and  third  achievement  was  our  St.  Louis  System 
of  Public  Schools,  so  thoroughly  organized  on  such  a  scale  of 
broad  comprehensive,  educational  culture  that  ii  is  considered 
the  most  rounded  and  complete  in  its  curriculum,  methods  and 
scope,  furnishing  the  American  Model,  not  only  for  schools  at 
home,  but  for  foreign  nations  looking  to  us  tor  help  in  con- 
structing their  own  educational  systems. 

One  of  the  great  results  of  the  St.  Louis  Movement  is  still 
continued  and  is  now  upon  us  in  the  great  new  system  of  thought 
that  Dr.  Snider  has  just  given  to  the  world  in  his  System  of 
Universal   Psychology — comprised  in   three   volumes: 

I.  Psychology  and  the  Psychosis;  The   Intellect. 

II.  The  Will  and  its  World;  Psychical  and  Ethical. 

III.  Feeling  with  the  Prolegomena. 

He  states  that  philosophy  has  run  its  course  and  that  there 
is  a  call  for  a  new  discipline  to  take  its  place.  NTot  that  philoso- 
phy is  to  be  discarded  or  discredited,  but  that  there  is  a  de- 
mand for  a  new  formulation  of  thought.  It  is  not  to  be  expected 
that  America  should  be  satisfied  with  the  philosophy  of  Europe. 
America  must  have  a  different  discipline  of  thought.  So  there 
is  Psychologv.     To  be  sure,  Wundt  in  Germany,  bad  begun  an 

41 


Experimental  Psychology  and  Win.  James  was  beginning  to 
lecture  on  the  theme  at  Harvard  and  there  were  others  of  com- 
paratively recent  times.  It  was  in  the  air  when  Dr.  Snider  made 
his  announcement,  but  there  was  no  such  work  as  he  has  given 
us. 

This  new  Discipline  is  declared  to  be  Psychology,  the  Science 
of  the  Self.  It  is  no  longer  to  be  subordinated,  but  a  free  science, 
to  make  its  own  method  and  reveal  it  in  all  the  creations  of  the 
Self,  human  and  divine.  The  human  being,  when  he  begins 
thinking,  recognizes  first  the  Universe  as  a  whole,  it  enfolds  him 
and  he  sees  its  three  primal  divisions,  God,  World.  Man,  the 
three  original  fundamental  elements  and  strives  to  formulate 
them  in  each  of  the  three  comprehensive  disciplines;  Religion, 
Philosophy  and  Psychology.  The  fundamentals  of  the  Universe, 
God,  World,  Man,  are  in  a  process  together  and  it  corresponds 
to  the  Self  or  Ego  in  its  three  stages  as  implicit,  self-separating 
and  self-returning  self.  This  process  is  called  the  ''Psychosis." 
The  fundamental  process  of  the  All  or  Universe  is  also  a  Psy- 
chosis or  "All  Psychosis  or  Pan  (or  "Pam")  Psychosis".  It  is 
through  this  process  that  we  come  upon  the  norm  of  the  All,  the 
Universal  process  of  man's  thinking.  It  is  this  norm  that  Dr. 
Snider  evolves,  unfolds,  elaborates,  illustrates  and  applies  in  the 
most  masterful  and  convincing  manner  in  his  Universal  Psych- 
ology and  when  we  have  really  grasped  it  we  have  the  key  of  the 
Universe.  This  is  really  what  the  old  Greeks  meant  when  they 
said  "Man  know  thyself".    All  knowledge  centers  there. 

Dr.  Snider  has  applied  his  Psychological  principles  to  every 
department  of  thought  and  reorganized  the  whole  field  of  human 
knowledge,  Philosophy,  Nature,  Art,  Institutions,  History  and 
Biography.  These  works  with  the  "Literary  Bibles"  and  mis- 
cellaneous Volumes  of  poems,  "The  Lincolniad"  and  the  volumes 
on  the  Kindergarten  and  miscellaneous  works  make  in  all  about 
fifty  volumes,  showing  him  a  most  prolific  writer.  As  a  side 
light  to  his  genius  and  philanthropy  it  is  an  interesting  fact  that 
all  of  his  writings  are  preserved  in  electrotype  plates,  so  that  they 
may  be  reproduced  at  any  time  in  the  future  when  interest  may 
demand  it". 

These  volumes  form  the  text-books  in  that  "Communal 
University"  that  Dr.  Snider  established  and  has  conducted  for 
the  past  sixteen  years. 

42 


These  classes  were  at  first  started  at  the  residence  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  I).  H.  Harris  and  afterwards  transferred  to  that  of 
Professor  Francis  E.  Cook  and  wife,  who  for  about  three  years 
extended  to  us  the  beautiful  hospitality  of  their  home.  Later 
in  larger  classes  at  the  Public  Library  auditorium  and  the  St. 
Louis  Public  School  Teachers  Society  of  Pedagogy,  Professor 
Cook  gave  the  whole  system  of  Dr.  Snider's  psychology  cover- 
ing a  two  years  course  with  his  own  inimitable  charm  of  manner 
and  breadth  of  culture  frequently  with  an  attendance  of  more 
than  a  hundred  in  this  one  class  or  department  of  the  Society. 

In  1S!»4  the  Society  of  Pedagogy  had  been  reorganized  up- 
on a  plan  drawn  up  by  Professor  Wm.  M.  Bryant  on  the  lines 
of  University  Extension  and  was  probably  the  largest  Educa- 
tional organization  of  the  kind  in  the  West,  numbering  about 
fifteen  hundred  members. 

Miss  Amelia  C.  Fruchte  later  became  president  of  this 
Society  of  Pedagogy  of  the  Public  Schools  for  two  years,  and 
organized  and  conducted  it  on  the  general  plan  of  the  Universal 
Psychology  in  a  most  complete  organization  and  brilliant  manner. 
It  is  thought  by  competent  judges  that  the  results  of  her  work- 
in  this  society  were  the  best  of  any  of  similar  nature  in  the  whole 
country.  Professor  W.  J.  S.  Bryan  said  "It  was  wonderful  be- 
cause for  the  first  time  here  was  an  instrumentality  that  bridged 
the  difference  and  the  distance  between  the  School  and  the  home." 
There  was  often  an  attendance  of  more  than  two  thousand 
persons,  teachers  and  parents,  at  the  different  sessions  where 
classes  and  lectures  were  arranged  on  different  lines  of  study, 
gaining  the  interest  and  attendance  of  parents  of  pupils  and  the 
friends  of  the  schools  as  well  as  of  the  teachers. 

The  later  home  of  the  Communal  University  was  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  in  the  assembly  or  lecture  room  of  the  Cabanne 
P>ranch  Library  where  on  Monday  evenings  might  be  found 
from  twenty  to  one  hundred  persons  deeply  interested  in  the 
subjects  presented.  The  principles  of  Psychology  were  elucidat- 
ed and  applied  to  every  department  of  knowledge.  Dr.  Snider 
gave  us  in  Nature.  "The  Cosmos"  and  "The  Diacosmos",  the 
great  material  world  and  the  invisible  forces  that  move  it;  in 
"The  Biocosmos",  man  as  a  physical  being  and  his  relation  to  the 
material  world,  of  absorbing  interest  in  the  light  of  modern  sci- 
ence. In  Art  he  states  the  High  Building  to  be  America's  con- 
tribution to  Architecture,  resting  on   its  solid   foundation   which 

43 


corresponds  to  the  implicit  stage  of  the  Self  or  Ego,  it  rises  up 
and  divides  out  into  all  its  many  apartments;  opening  to  light 
and  air  as  the  elevators  open  to  the  numerous  floors.  As  the 
elevators  circulate  through,  they  give  it  life  and  movement  in 
their  course  from  foundation  to  roof  and  return,  a  marvelous 
process  of  activity.  Those  who  have  seen  the  Woolworth  build- 
ing in  New  York  know  how  admirably  it  lends  itself  to  adorn- 
ment in  form  and  color  and  how  beautiful  it  may  be  made.  It 
is  the  most  wonderful  thing  in  America,  it  seems  to  foreign  eyes, 
the  triumph  of  modern  art  in  architecture.  Dr.  Snider  has  a 
remarkable  treatise  on  Music  which  Mr.  Spamer  has  presented. 
ably  treated  in  this  report ;  showing  us  that  it  is  the  thrill  of  the 
self-separating — 'Self-returning — self,  awakened  by  harmonious 
rounds  that  gives  us  all  those  emotions  and  thrills  that  have  such 
infinite  power  in  our  spiritual  life.  It  is  the  threefold  movement 
,A  the  self  that  stirs  us,  illuminates,  stimulates  and  inspires  us. 
Dr.  Geek  has  also  illustrated  his  principles  of  the  interpretation 
of  music. 

Dr.  Snider  gives  in  his  Social  Institutions,  the  psychology 
of  the  Family,  the  Church,  the  State.  Also  the  Educational  In- 
stitutions which  he  has  added  to  Hegel's  formulation  and  which 
our  modern  life  requires.  In  "The  State"  he  elaborates  the  Psy- 
chology of  law  and  government  in  their  various  forms  and  func- 
tions. 

When  after  an  absence  of  six  years  I  returned  to  St.  Louis 
and  attended  the  great  Worlds  Fair  then  in  progress,  I  was 
impressed  with  the  frequency  and  earnestness  with  which  the 
St.  Louis  speakers  referred  to  the  social  institutions.  No  other 
phase  of  the  St.  Louis  Movement  seems  to  have  impressed  them 
more  deeply.  How  earnestly  they  spoke  of  the  family,  of  the 
church,  of  the  state.  Man  can  realize  his  spiritual  nature,  his 
highest  possibilities  only  through  institutional  life.  As  I  said 
to  Dr.  Snider  recently  this  is  what  ought  to  be  revived  and  now 
taught  again,  when  Bolshivism  begins  to  raise  its  head  here  in 
America  and  lawlessness  and  disorder  attack  us,  we  must  oppose 
them  with  a  return  to  the  teaching  of  his  work  on  Institutions. 

Dr.  Snider  gave  us  a  very  complete  Psychology  of  History, 
beginning  with  Herodotus,  the  Father  of  History,  showing  why 
he  is  called  the  "Father",  and  extending  this  course  through 
European  History  and  that  of  America.  "The  Ten  Years  War 
of  America"  being  the  Iliod  of  our  woes,  which  extended  through 
five   years  of   western   or   Kansas   border  warfare   and   the  John 

44 


Brown  defiance  of  constitutional  liberty,  which  culminated  in 
our  Civil  War.  This  last  volume  forms  the  hack  ground  of  his 
Biography  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  first  of  his  great  biographies. 
He  treats  Biography  as  a  special  form  of  literature  in  his  new- 
method  and  in  it  he  gives  Goethe's  "Life  Poem."  Emerson's  "Life 
Essay"  and  Shakespeare's  "Life  Drama". 

Under  Autobiography  he  gives  "A  Writer  of  1  looks"  and  the 
"St.  Louis  Movement".  This  last  volume  contains  in  the  Ap- 
pendix a  complete  formulation  of  his  system  of  Psychology. 
First  "The  Psychological  Organon";  Second  "The  World  Psy- 
chologized"; Third  "The  Self  Psychologized". 

Aristotle's  Logic,  Bacon's  Inductive  Philosophy  and  Hegel's 
Dialectic  are  the  three  great  European  Organa,  and  Dr.  Snider's 
"Psychosis"  or  Psychological  (  )rganon  is  the  first  that  America 
has  given  the  world. 

He  has  also  given  a  group  of  poems,  the  expression  of 
his  Greek  period.  "Homer  in  Chios".  "Delphic  Days",  "Agamem- 
non's Daughter",  "Prorsus  Retrorsus".  also  the  "Johny  Ap- 
pleseed  Rhymes",  giving  the  American  Myth,  a  story  of  Ohio. 
Also  a  book  of  war  Poems,  "The  House  of  Dreamery"  and  "The 
Shakesperiad,"  unique  in  its  form  and  spirit.  His  most  ex- 
tended poem  is  "The  Lincolniad"  in  four  volumes;  "Lincoln  in 
the  Black  Hawk  War",  "Lincoln  and  Ann  Rutledge",  "Lincoln 
in  the  White  House",  "Lincoln  at  Richmond". 

Dr.  Snider  considers  the  complete  literary  treatise  of  Lin- 
coln's career  one  of  the  most  persistent  and  wide  spread  aspira- 
tions of  our  time.  Hence  he  adds  "The  Lincolniad"  to  his  prose 
biography  as  an  expression  in  poetic  form  of  that  which  prose 
is  unable  to  convey.  This  gives  the  complete  picture  of  the 
great  American  Hero.  He  portrays  the  whole  round  of  Lin- 
coln's experience. 

Drinkwater's  drama  suffers  by  comparison,  as  it  makes  no 
mention  of  Ann  Rutledge,  which  is  the  very  heart  of  it  as  giving 
the  psycological  basis  of  Lincoln's  life;  for  his  love  for  Ann 
Rutledge  was  the  transfiguring  power  in  Lincoln's  experience, 
lifting  him  up  out  of  the  ordinary,  almost  into  the  divine,  in  the 
depth  and  power  of  his  love  for  the  suffering,  the  helpless,  the 
oppressed.  Those  deep  furrows  on  his  face  cannot  be  under- 
stood except  by  the  overwhelming,  never-to-be-forgotten  loss  of 

45 


Ann  Rutledge.    Dr.  Snider  has  gone  beyond  any  other  biograph- 
er of  Lincoln  in  this  story. 

Then  there  is  a  group  of  Kindergarten  books  on  "Froebel's 
Life  and  Work"  and  lastly  a  miscellaneous  group  comprising  "A 
Walk  in  Hellas",  with  an  international  reputation,  by  many  con- 
sidered his  most  charming  book;  "The  Tour  in  Europe";  "The 
Chicago  Worlds  Fair  Studies" ;  also  two  novels  "The  Freeber- 
gers"  and  "Castle  Esperance". 

The  Literary  Bibles  formed  the  basis  of  Dr.  Snider's  Liter- 
ary Schools  in  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  other  cities.  They  give 
the  profoundest  insight  into  the  meaning  of  the  four  great 
world  poets,  Homer,  Dante,  Shakespeare,  Goethe,  that  has  ever 
been  given  and  they  were  studied  from  time  to  time  in  the  Com- 
munal University  of  St.  Louis  to  the  delight  and  profit  of  all 
present.  Mr.  Snider  calls  them  Literary  Bibles,  as  they  are  next 
to  the  Sacred  Bible  of  Revelation,  the  highest  utterances  in  liter- 
ary and  artistic  form  of  the  race.  They  justify  the  ways  of 
God  to  man,  and  confirm  man's  faith  in  a  Supreme  Being,  and 
for  this  reason  they  are  of  enduring  worth  and  veneration. 

These  subjects  have  formed  the  curriculum  or  basis  of  the 
course  at  the  "Communal  University".  As  these  free  lectures 
were  not  extensively  advertised  probably  many  who  might  have 
availed  themselves  of  this  great  opportunity  and  secured  a  com- 
plete outline  of  the  great  fundamental  facts  of  the  entire  history 
of  the  world  in  its  development  and  progress  in  civilization  and 
thought,  also  of  the  classic  world ;  of  philosophy,  literature  and 
art,  perhaps  many  have  lost  a  lifetime  opportunity,  yet  all 
who  are  interested  may  avail  themselves  of  these  works  which 
may  be  obtained  from  the  Public  Library.  Yet  without  the 
personal  sponsor. 

The  Communal  University  afforded  a  liberal  education  for 
all  who  would  take  it  along  broad  lines  and  it  was  inspiring 
to  every  one  who  participated.  In  his  munificence  Dr.  Snider 
has  written  and  published  all  the  text-books  and  furnished  them 
free  to  his  classes  and  as  a  return  has  only  exacted  a  promise  of 
study  and  regular  attendance  at  all  of  the  sessions.  He  has 
pursued  not  the  method  of  the  lecturer  but  always  the  Socratic 
method  of  question  and  voluntary  answer  as  insuring  the  most 
thorough  understanding  of  every  subject.  There  has  always 
been  an  open  forum  for  the  discussion  of  every  topic  of  general 
interest  to  the  community. 

46 


It  is  rumored  that  these  classes  that  have  been  interrupted 
for  a  time  will  be  opened  again  with  some  additional  teaching 
force.     The  classes  are  open  to  all. 

I  feel  myself,  with  Mr.  Harris,  obligated  to  give  this  tribute 
of  gratitude  to  Dr.  Snider  for  all  that  we  have  received  from 
this  "Communal  University".  As  the  years  go  by,  as  students 
and  thinkers  become  acquainted  with  these  great  works  of 
formulated  thought  they  will  be  accepted  and  more  fully  ap- 
preciated; this  will  insure  the  perpetuity  and  the  Immortality 
of  the  "St.  Louis  Movement". 


47 


HENRY  C.  BROCKMEYER 


Henry    G.  Brockmeyer's  Place   in   the    St. 
Louis  Movement 

Compiled  of  extracts  from  Denton  J.  Snider's  book,  The  St. 
Louis  Movement,  by  Mrs.  D.  J.  Snider. 

The  germinal  starting  point  of  the  St.  Louis  Movement  was 
a  man  and  a  book.  The  man  was  Henry  C.  Brockmeyer,  1he 
book  was  Hegel's  Larger  Logic. 

"This  book  was  Brockmeyer's  one  Supreme  Book  ;  it  meant 
to  him  more  than  any  other  human  production,  and  was  pro- 
bably the  source  of  his  great  spiritual  transformation  from 
social  hostility  and  inner  discord  and  even  anarchism,  to  a  re- 
conciliation with  his  government  and  indeed  with  the  World 
Order,  after  his  two  maddened  flights  from  civilization." 

To  Mr.  Brockmeyer  belongs  the  unique  distinction  of  having 
made  the  only  translation  of  Hegel's  Larger  Logic  in  its  en- 
tirety into  English. 

"Brockmeyer  began  the  translation  in  i860.  He  was  then 
lodged  somewhere  on  the  old  South  Market  in  a  single  bare 
attic,  boarding  himself  and  sleeping  on  the  floor,  (so  I  have 
heard  him  with  humor  dilate).  He  had  been  frugally  pensioned 
with  bread  and  room  rent  by  \Y.  T.  Harris  and  a  group  of  friends 
to  make  the  translation  of  Hegel's  Larger  Logic  (the  Book  of 
Fate)  which  was  also  intended  to  be  a  world  stormer.  The 
strange  fact  is  that  it  has  not  been  printed,  and  still  stays  unborn 
in  manuscript  after  nearly  sixty  years  of  waiting.  Indeed  one 
is  inclined  to  think  that  this  translation  of  Hegel's  Logic  has  had 
a  peculiar  doom  hanging  over  it  from  the  moment  of  its  first 
written  line.  I  have  watched  it  more  than  half  a  century,  now 
rising  to  the  surface,  then  sinking  out  of  sight  as  if  under  some 
curse  of  the  malevolent  years.  Thus  the  creative  book  of 
Hegel's  system  was  never  put  into  English  type,  and  has  remain- 
ed quite  inaccessible  to  the  English  speaking  student.  This  to 
my  mind  has  been  the  chief  fatality  in  the  propagation  of  the 
work  and  its  doctrines,  for  it  always  has  had  and  always  will 
have  its  distinctive  appeal  to  certain  minds  and  even  to  certain 
times." 

51 


GEOIU;  WILHELM  FKEDERICH   HECEL 


Two  men  from  Illinois  were  daring  enough  to  carry  Brock- 
meyer's  manuscript  translation  of  Hegel's  Logic  from  the  banks 
of  the  Mississippi  to  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic,  where  it  collided 
with  America's  most  famous  philosopher,  William  James  of 
Harvard  University,  who  mentions  the  fact  in  one  of  his  essays. 

"He  (James)  announced  the  arrival  in  a  philosophical  club 
at  Boston  of  two  young  business  men  from  Illinois,  enthusiastic 
Hegelians,  'who  with  little  or  no  knowledge  of  German  had 
actually  possessed  themselves  of  a  manuscript  translation  of  the 
entire  three  volumes  of  the  Logic  made  by  an  extraordinary 
I'omeranian  immigrant  named  Brockmeyer*.  Such  is  the  faint 
rather  spectral  glimpse  which  the  Harvard  Professor  has  caught 
of  the  St.  Louis  Movement  and  of  its  big  "Book  of  Fate".  Brock- 
meyer. by  the  way,  was  not  a  Pomeranian  but  a  Prussian  of 
Minden.  Moreover,  James  observes  that  the  said  Club,  of  which 
he  was  a  member,  had  gone  over  a  good  part  of  Hegel's  Logic 
under  the  self-constituted  leadership  of  those  two  green  phi- 
losophic suckers  from  Quincy,  Illinois,  who  had  never  been  at 
a  German  L  niversity,  and  who  could  not  even  read  the  original 
text  of  their  master,  digging  laboriously  their  knowledge  of  his 
doctrine  up  from  Brockmeyer's  barbarous  Teutonic-English. 
It  could  only  be  deemed  an  act  of  unparalleled  presumption  on 
the  part  of  those  insolent  Westerners,  as  we  may  hear  in  an 
under-tone  out  of  the  epithet  self-constituted,  and  some  other 
nuances  of  style." 

"Now  1  am  inclined  to  believe  that  just  this  meeting  of 
James  with  these  two  fervent  believers  in  Hegel  and  their  one 
Great  Book  was  an  important  epoch  in  his  philosophical  develop- 
ment. He  did  not  say  so  and  probably  did  not  think  so,  and 
might  even  have  resented  such  a  statement,  still  be  bore  the 
impress  of  this  experience  through  life,  even  if  by  way  of  op- 
position. For  he  now  saw  men  who  had  a  living  faith  in  Phi- 
losophy, and  were  ready  to  impart  it  with  a  missionary  zeal,  ex- 
pounding it  to  him  and  the  Club  from  the  strange  hieroglyphs 
of  the  "three  big  folios"  of  their  manuscript  Bible.  Moreover 
he  had  brushed  against  the  greatest  German  world-book  of 
Philosophy,  not  excepting  Kant's  Critique  of  Pure  Reason,  of 
which  it  is  indeed  the  sovereign  remedial  corrective,  bringing 
intellectual  restoration  after  overcoming  man's  ultimate  denial. 
I  dare  think  that  Professor  James  must  have  gotten  lasting, 
even  if  unconscious  value  from  the  scene  and  the  man  thus  de- 

55 


scribed  by  him  :  (A  more  admirable  homo  unius  libri  than  one 
of  them  with  his  three  big  folios  of  Hegelian  manuscript  I  have 
never  had  the  good  fortune  to  know.'  Doubtless  this  passage 
is  tuned  to  an  ironical  note,  still  the  writer  of  it  never  forgot, 
never  could  rid  himself  of  the  impressive  fact  which  he  here 
witnessed  at  least  from  the  outside — 'the  fact  of  the  world's 
thought  unified,  inter-related,  and  organized  into  one  complete 
system,  and  one  man's  unshaken  belief  in  such  a  system." 

It  was  mainly  for  the  purpose  of  printing  Mr.  Brockmeyer's 
translation  of  Hegel's  Larger  Logic  that  the  St.  Louis  Philoso- 
phical Society  was  organized  in  January,  1866,  with  Henry  C. 
Brockmeyer  as  president,  and  W.  T.  Harris  as  Secretary.  It 
failed  in  this  purpose,  yet  was  otherwise  a  success,  for  it  grew 
to  be  not  only  a  pervasive  influence  in  the  community,  but  be- 
came known  throughout  the  world  by  means  of  Dr.  Harris' 
Journal  of  Speculative  Philosophy. 

Having  spoken  of  the  germinal  starting  point  of  the  St. 
Louis  Movement,  I  think  that  I  ought  at  least  to  mention  before 
I  close  its  culmination — nothing  less  than  a  new  world  discip- 
line. Psychology.  Since  the  transition  into  this  new  system  of 
Thought  was  evolved  mainly  out  of  Hegel's  Larger  Logic,  the 
necessity  of  printing  Brockmeyer's  translation  becomes  appar- 
ent. Brockmeyer  made  a  second  translation  of  this  book  about 
1890-5.  This  translation,  after  careful  comparison  with  the 
original  German  text  and  correction  for  publication  by  Prof. 
L.  J.  Block,  has  been  placed  in  the  keeping  of  the  Missouri 
Historical  Society,  by  D.  H.  Harris  of  St.  Louis.  Let  us  hope, 
it  will  be  printed  some  day. 


56 


THOMAS  DAVIDSON 


Thomas  Davidson 

By  Percival  Chubb 

Mr.  Chairman.  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  1  have  a  personal 
story  to  tell  you.  the  story  of  one  man  ;  but  let  me  first  relate  that 
nne  man  to  the  group  of  whom  yon  have  heard  today,  and  to  the 
event  which  brings  us  here.  Coupled  with  the  name  of  Thomas 
Davidson,  of  whom  I  am  to  speak,  must  be  that  of  Denton  J. 
Snider  whom  we  meet  to  honor,  and  others  associated  with 
them  both  to  whom  we  would  pay  tribute  because  they  were 
men  who  endured  to  the  end  ;  men  who  under  the  temptations 
and  the  pressure  of  the  great  commercial  movement  with  its 
mighty  prizes,  yet  spurned  anything  that  did  not  serve  their 
own  ideals. 

My  story  links  St.  Louis  with  London  and  Europe.  It  tells 
of  the  man  who.  when  he  departed  from  St.  Louis,  was  known 
familiarly  among  his  peers  as  "Tom  Davidson",  but  who  before 
he  died  became  Thomas  Davidson,  not  of  St.  Louis,  not  of 
America,  but  of  the  modern  world :  the  man  who,  when  he  died, 
was  characterized  in  the  pages  of  the  London  "Spectator",  as 
"the  last  of  the  wandering  scholars". 

Assuming  the  background  of  the  earlier  years  of  Davidson's 
life  in  St.  Louis  already  sketched  in  for  you,  I  begin  with  a  meet- 
ing in  1882  at  the  then  recently  established  Aristotelian  Society 
in  London.  It  was  not  long  after  there  had  been  a  visit  to  that 
Society  about  which  a  word  should  be  said.  Enter  a  tall,  rather 
gaunt  but  distinguished  figure,  who  sat  down  beside  the  presi- 
dent, listened  attentively  to  the  paper,  and  was  then  called  upon 
somewhat  in  this  fashion:  "We  are  honored  this  evening  by  the 
presence  of  a  man  well  known  to  all  of  you.  William  T.  Harris. 
of  St.  Louis  :  well  known  because  he  is  the  editor  of  the  "Journal 
of  Speculative  Philosophy" :  This  distinguished  St.  Louisan 
closed  the  meeting  with  an  interesting  speech. 

It  may  have  been  a  year  later:  Enter  a  man  who  was.  let 
us  say  rotund,  rubicund,  and  genial,  with  a  merry  twinkle  of  the 
eye.  That  man  was  Thomas  Davidson.  At  the  close  of  the 
meeting  he  too  was  asked  to  speak,  and,  as  it  happened  (you 
will  have  to  pardon   the  personal   reference),  following  a  paper 

59 


which  1  had  read, — for  that  was  the  evening  of  my  terrifying 
debut  as  a  philosopher  before  the  Society.  My  youthful  paper 
on  Plato's  Ethical  Theory  amused  Thomas  Davidson, — so  much 
so,  in  fact,  that  he  invited  me  to  come  over  and  have  a  talk  at 
his  hotel.  The  sequel  was  an  invitation  to  visit  him  in  a  beauti- 
ful little  villa  on  the  hillsides  of  Domodossola,  just  over  the 
Simplon,  in  Italy. 

He  was  there,  after  studying  the  medieval  commentaries  on 
Aristotle,  to  prepare  a  book  on  the  modern  Catholic  philosopher, 
Rosmini,  who  had  cast  a  spell  upon  him.  His  learning  had  made 
its  deep  impression  upon  the  scholarly  people  he  had  met  in 
Rome,  and  he  had  every  door  thrown  open  to  him.  He  had 
come  here  with  his  books  and  belongings  in  order  to  get  what 
help  he  might  from  the  Rosminians  whose  monastery  was 
located  in  this  spot. 

Davidson  had  an  extraordinary  sympathy  with  young  fel- 
lows who  seemed  to  be  moving  along  the  path  which  several 
of  us  were  at  that  time  exploring,  the  path  that  beckoned  toward 
social  renovation.  On  this  theme  we  talked  as  we  wandered 
over  those  mountain  slopes.  I  feasted  on  his  helpfulness  and 
kindness,  and  learned  to  know  the  range  of  his  scholarship  and 
the  religious  earnestness  of  his  spirit.  He  helped  me  in  my 
beginner's  Greek  and  Italian,  and  we  indulged  our  common  en- 
thusiasms for  certain  leaders  of  revolt  and  reconstruction.  For 
Davidson  was  firmly  convinced  that  a  time  had  come  in  the 
development  of  society  when  those  spirits  who  felt  its  short- 
comings and  had  any  Utopian  idealism  should  join  together  and 
form  a  society  dedicated  to  the  service  of  the  new  life  of  their 
vision. 

When  he  came  back  to  London,  not  long  after,  we  gathered 
together  for  him  a  group  of  kindred  spirits,  who  met  in  his 
lodgings  in  Chelsea,  near  where  Carlyle  and  George  Eliot  had 
lived.  Out  of  these  gatherings  two  organizations  resulted :  the 
first  was  called  "The  Fellowship  of  the  New  Life,"' — later,  "The 
New  Fellowship."  Differences  of  opinion  led  to  the  friendly 
secession  of  the  more  politically-minded,  of  the  group  who  pro- 
ceeded to  form  another  organization  which  they  called  the 
Fabian  Society, — a  now  famous  body,  which  has  recently  played 
an  important  role  in  helping  to  formulate  the  program  of  the 
British    Labor  Party. 

That  visit  of  his  to  London  was  made  partly  in  order  to  see 

60 


through  the  press,  books  which  Davidson  had  just  produced.  To 
one  of  these  I  must  pay  particular  attention,  because  it  forges 
that  link  which  I  spoke  of  between  St.  Louis  and  Europe.  It  is 
entitled,  "The  Parthenon  Frieze  and  other  Essays" ;  and  it  has 
this  dedication  : — "To  the  memory  of  Arthur  Amson  (born  in 
Missouri,  July  1,  1855:  died  at  Leipzig,  July  7,  1875),  whose 
early  loss  no  future  earthly  gain  can  ever  make  good  to  me, — I 
dedicate  these  few  gleanings  from  the  field  in  which  he  was  so 
eager  and  so  well  fitted  to  be  a  reaper,  as  a  small  tribute  of  an 
affection  in  which  time  has  no  inheritance."  ( )ne  of  his  school- 
boys of  St.  Louis,  was  this  gifted  youth,  Arthur  Amson.  How 
far  Davidson  was  responsible  for  his  going  abroad  I  am  not  sure ; 
but  how  deep  and  fine  was  his  feeling  for  the  lad  is  evidenced 
by  this  dedicatory  sonnet,  which  opens  another  window  upon 
Thomas  Davidson's  gifts,  showing  him  to  be  a  skilled  poet: 

"Upon  a  broken  tombstone  of  the  Prime 

When  youths,  who  loved  the  gods,  were  loved  again 
And  rapt  from  sight,  two  human  forms  remain. 

One,  shrunk  with  years  and  hoary  with  their  rime, 

Gropes  for  the  hand  of  one  who  sits  sublime 

And,  calm  in  large-limbed  youth,  prepares  to  drain 
The  cup  of  endless  life.     In  vain  !  in  vain ! 

He  cannot  reach  beyond  the  screen  of  time. 

So,  Arthur,  as  our  human  years  go  by, 

I  stand  and  blindly  grope  for  thy  dear  hand, 
And  listen  for  a  whisper  from  thy  tongue. 

In  vain  !  in  vain  !    I  only  hear  Love  cry : 

'He  feasts  with  gods  upon  the  eternal  strand' ; 

For  they  in  whom  the  gods  delight  die  young/  ' 

The  scene  now  shifts  from  Europe  to  New  York,  where  he 
later  settled  down  to  lecture  and  write.  Here  I  joined  him,  to 
begin,  with  his  generous  assistance,  my  new  life  in  this  country. 
At  the  dock  to  greet  me,  amid  the  rejoicings  of  the  4th  of  July, 
he  took  me  straight  to  the  Summer  School  which  he  had  estab- 
lished at  Farmington,  Connecticut,  where  he  gathered  a  choice 
group  of  people.  Many  followed  him  in  that  second  and  more 
famous  venture  of  his,  the  Summer  School  at  Glenmore  in  the 
Adirondack's.  Here  is  another  link  with  St.  Louis ;  for  among 
those  who  enjoyed  his  hospitality  on  the  estate  which  he  had 
bought,  was  his  old  friend  Dr.  William  T.  Harris,  who  erected 

61 


PERCIVAL  CHUBB 

Popular  Leader  of  the  Ethical  Society  of  St.  Louis 


a  cottage  on  it.     There  came  other  St.  Louisaiis,  including  Miss 
Amelia  Fruchte,  so  well  known  to  you  here. 

Many  people  looked  in  upon  him  in  his  mountain  home, 
where  his  life  now  centered.  They  delighted  in  the  picturesque- 
ness  of  the  man  who,  like  a  Scottish  laird  of  his  clan,  was  fre- 
quently seen  in  his  kilts,  and  gave  great  delight  by  his  recitations 
of  Scottish  poetry.  Simplicity  was  the  keynote  of  the  life  there, 
as  it  was  of  the  man  himself.  Every  morning  he  might  be  seen 
going  to  the  little  stream  that  trickled  from  the  hill-top,  his  towel 
over  his  shoulder,  to  perform  his  ablutions  before  breakfast ;  and 
at  noon  making  for  the  pool  at  the  brook  for  a  bracing  splash  in 
its  cold,  cold  waters.  For  the  most  engaging  account  of  him  in 
his  habit  as  he  lived  there,  I  must  refer  you  to  that  back  number 
of  McClure's  Magazine  in  which  one  of  his  most  valued  visitors, 
William  James,  paid  the  genial  tribute  of  a  friend  and  a  philoso- 
pher to  one  of  his  compeers. 

The  scene  changes  now  to  the  lower  East  side  of  New  York. 
Davidson  had  been  invited,  I  think  by  Mr.  Joseph  Pulitzer,  of 
St.  Louis  memory,  whose  friend  he  was,  to  speak  to  an  East- 
side  assemblage  of  young  Jews.  He  was  to  give  them  a  lecture 
on  history.  When  he  had  finished,  those  young  socialists,  full  of 
dogmatism  and  daring,  "went  for"  this  up-town  academician. 
When  they  had  done  pouring  their  hot  shot  into  him,  he  replied. 
He  had  been  much  interested.  They  had  been  very  dogmatic ; 
and  he  could  tell  them  that  for  much  of  what  they  had  said  there 
was  no  basis  of  fact.  They  were  evidently  ignorant  of  history, 
and  had  not  earned  the  right  by  the  study  of  it  to  have  an  opinion 
about  most  of  the  things  they  had  discussed.  But  he  liked  their 
spirit.  If  they  were  willing  to  learn,  he  was  willing  to  teach. 
They  accepted  the  invitation,  and  thence  came  the  establishment 
of  The  Bread  Winners'  College.  There  was  a  complete  cur- 
riculum in  the  humanities  there.  Davidson  worked  night  and 
day  in  this  new  cause.  I  once  heard  him  say,  "I  consider  that 
everything  I  have  done  up  to  this  time  has  been  but  a  prepara- 
tion tor  this  work."  He  spent  himself  royally  on  those  young 
men  ana  women.  Later  on,  he  invited  them  to  Cjienmure,  and 
some  of  them  came.  It  was  his  intention  to  devote  that  beauti- 
ful Academe  to  this  work :  but  he  died  before  he  had  matured 
the  plan. 

After  Davidson  died  I  was  honored  by  an  invitation  to  help 
out  with  those  young  people.     Every  Saturday  night  the  assem- 

65 


bly  room  of  the  Bread  Winners'  College  was  filled  to  capacity 
with  an  eager  throng,  books  in  hand.  We  studied  the  poem 
which  Thomas  Davidson  ranked  with  Homer's  epics,  Dante's 
Divine  Comedy  and  Goethe's  "Faust"  as  epochal — Tennyson's 
"In  Memoriam,"  using  Davidson's  own  commentary  on  it, 
still  the  most  stimulating  among  many.  Here  was  conclusive 
testimony  as  to  the  power  of  his  influence. 

He  died  learning,  and  teaching.  He  was  buried  in  that 
beloved  place,  up  in  the  woods  among  the  birches  and  the  firs, 
at  Glenmore.  I  do  not  recall  the  exact  words  of  the  tablet  set  in 
the  boulder  which  marks  the  spot ;  but  it  always  suggests  another 
tablet — that  on  which  Ruskin  pays  this  tribute  to  the  memory  of 
his  father:  "He  was  an  entirely  honest  merchant."  Of  Davidson 
I  would  say,  "He  was  an  entirely  honest  scholar" — fearlessly 
honest.  I  never  knew  him  to  make  a  compromise  with  the  truth 
as  he  saw  it.  If  anything,  he  was  too  militant.  He  had  an  un- 
faltering courage. 

Let  me  close,  as  I  began,  on  this  note.  I  am  here  today 
to  pay  my  tribute  to  that  great  man,  to  his  surviving  friend,  Dr. 
Snider,  and  to  their  friends  of  that  early  St.  Louis  group.  He 
and  they  endured  to  the  end.  They  made  no  capitulation  to 
the  mighty  material  forces  that  so  often  array  themselves  against 
those  ideals  which  to  Davidson  and  his  friends  were  of  supreme 
worth — knowledge,  truth,  justice  ;  and  the  courage  to  live  by 
these. 


66 


ADOLPH   ERNST  KROEGER 


Adolph  Ernst  Kroeger 

From  an  Address  Given  by  His  Son,  Professor  E.  R.  Kroeger 

He  was  born  December  28th,  1837  at  Schwabstadt,  Schles- 
wig.  His  father,  the  Rev.  Jacob  Kroeger,  a  Lutheran  clergy- 
man, was  obliged  in  the  revolutionary  turmoil  of  1848  to  come 
to  this  country  bringing  with  him  his  family,  his  son  Adolph 
being  then  about  eleven  years  of  age.  The  family  settled  down 
on  a  farm  near  Davenport,  Iowa.  From  that  time  till  the  de- 
ceased was  fifteen  years  old,  his  father,  an  eminent  scholar,  super- 
intended his  son's  education.  At  the  age  last  mentioned  Mr. 
Kroeger  entered  the  banking  office  of  Cook  and  Sargent,  in 
Davenport.  While  there  he  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  literary 
and  philosophical  studies.  In  1858  he  went  to  New  York  and 
obtained  a  position  as  editorial  writer  on  the  Xew  York  Times. 
The  following  year  he  was  sent  to  St.  Louis  by  that  paper  as  its 
correspondent,  which  position  he  occupied  until  the  outbreak 
of  the  war,  when  he  was  appointed  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Fremont 
as  Lieutenant.  He  was  afterward  promoted  to  be  Captain.  He 
remained  on  Gen.  Fremont's  staff  until  the  latter  was  superseded. 
In  September,  1861,  he  married  Miss  Eliza  B.  Curren,  the 
daughter  of  an  English  civil  engineer.  He  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely to  literary  pursuits,  especially  in  establishing,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Wm.  T.  Harris,  the  Journal  of  Speculative 
Philosophy,  to  which  he  was  from  the  first  an  active  and  valued 
contributor.  Perhaps  his  greatest  literary  effort  was  his  transla- 
tion of  Fichte's  "Science  of  Knowledge''  and  "Science  of  Rights", 
both  of  which  were  an  entire  success  and  were  regarded  by 
critics  as  remarkable  productions  of  these  great  German  works. 
After  his  death,  the  publishers  issued  his  translation  of  Fichte's 
"Science  of  Morals".  Subsequently,  he  translated  a  great  num- 
ber of  German  love  songs  of  the  Minnesinger  period,  a  volume 
of  which  was  published  by  Hurd  and  Houghton,  under  the  title 
of  "The  Minnesingers  of  Germany".  The  poet  Longfellow 
greatly  esteemed  Mr.  Kroeger's  peculiar  talent  for  translating 
the  productions  of  the  Minnesingers,  and  in  a  volume  of  transla- 
tions from  various  languages  Mr.  Longfellow  embodied  several 
of  Mr.  Kroeger's  translations,  commending  them  very  highly. 
To  all  of  the  St.  Louis  newspapers  Mr.  Kroeger  contributed 
from   time   to   time   valuable   articles.      Among   those   were   the 

69 


E.   R.  KROEGER 


Missouri  Republican,  the  old  Democrat,  the  St.  Louis  Times, 
the  Globe- Democrat,  etc.  Mr.  Kroeger  also  wrote  many  articles 
for  the  Southern  Magazine,  the  Boston  Commonwealth  and 
other  monthly  periodicals.  As  a  Musical  Critic  Mr.  Kroeger 
had  rare  judgment,  and  in  that  branch  of  art  he  was  profoundly 
versed.  Mr.  Kroeger  was  a  man  of  singularly  bright  and  clear 
intellect,  a  true  philosopher  and  scholar,  one  who  was  esteemed 
and  respected  by  such  men  as  Emerson,  Longfellow,  and  others. 
He  died  March  8th,  1882  in  his  forty-fifth  year.  His  widow 
survived  him  over  twenty-tive  years.  The  date  of  her  death 
was  November  1st,  1907.  There  were  four  children,  all  born  at 
Saint  Louis.  They  were  as  follows :  Ernest  Richard,  Alice 
Bertha,  (died  October  31st,  1909),  Julia  Beatrice,  (died  April 
16th,  1921),  Adolph  Evelyn. 

The  following  tribute  by  David  H.  MacAdam  published  in 
the  Missouri  Republican,  April  16th,  1882  is  appended. 

"The  Journal  of  Speculative  Philosophy,  conducted  and, 
indeed,  originated  by  Professor  \V.  T.  Harris,  afforded  a  for- 
tunate opportunity  to  the  ever  active  mind  of  Kroeger,  and  for 
several  years  he  was  one  of  the  most  valuable  contributors. 
He  supplied  many  admirable  translations  from  the  German  phi- 
losophers, his  work  being  marked  by  singular  lucidity  and  force 
of  language.  He  was  also  the  author  of  several  original  essays 
that  appeared  in  this  periodical.  Mr.  Harris,  one  of  the  most 
acute  philosophic  minds  that  this  country  has  produced,  was 
quick  to  appreciate  the  genius  of  Kroeger  and  happily  extended 
to  him  the  very  best  opportunity  for  addressing  the  thoughtful. 
Through  the  pages  of  this  journal  he  became  known  abroad  and 
had  many  admirers  among  the  learned  circles  of  the  East.  In 
1873  he  published  "The  Minnesinger  of  Germany",  being  a 
volume  of  translations  from  the  early  poetic  literature  of  Ger- 
many, rendered  in  the  form  of  English  verse,  accompanied  by 
critical  notes  and  historical  explanations.  The  volume  was  pub- 
lished by  Hurd  &  Houghton  in  New  York,  and  in  London  ap- 
peared under  the  auspices  of  Trubner  &  Co.  The  learning  it 
displayed  upon  a  somewhat  obscure  subject  and  the  rare  felicity 
of  the  translations,  together  with  the  skill  evinced  in  English 
versification,  at  once  commanded  attention.  The  poet  Long- 
fellow personally  complimented  the  author,  who,  if  he  did  not 
acquire  much  pecuniary  advantage  from  the  volume,  certainly 
extended  his  reputation  and  made  a  valuable  and  enduring  con- 
tribution to  literature.     Among  the  mass  of  our  citizens,  how- 

73 


P.  G.  ANTON 


Preceding  his  address.  Prof.  E.  R.  Kroeger  rendered  an  the  piano, 

accompanied  by  Prof.  P.  G.  Anton  on  cello,  the  andante 

movement  of  one  of  his  own  compositions  that 

was  received  with  great  applause. 


ever,  Kroeger  became  best  known  by  bis  articles  in  tbe  Repub- 
lican, which  embraced  a  large  variety  of  subjects.  He  was  a 
German,  but  he  preferred  to  write  and  tbink  in  the  language  of 
the  country  of  which  he  was  a  citizen,  and  by  this  wise  course 
the  number  of  his  readers  and  his  influence  were  greatly  ex- 
tended. In  an  intellectual  sense  he  fitly  represented  the  rich, 
strong  genius  which  the  German  race  has  contributed  to  Ameri- 
can Society.  Within  the  last  twenty  years  what  a  brilliant  com- 
pany of  writers  and  thinkers  have  appeared  in  St.  Louis  and 
vicinity  in  connection  with  that  portion  of  our  population ! 
Muench,  Bernays,  Kroeger,  Hecker,  Schurz,  Brockmeyer,  Boer- 
stein,  Palm,  Koerner,  Kribben  and  others,  without  naming  the 
talented  gentlemen  now  associated  with  the  German  press. 
Several  of  those  named  were  writers  for  the  Republican,  and 
became  generally  known  through  its  columns.  For  brilliant 
and  miscellaneous  literary  work  Kroeger  stands  pre-eminent 
among  German-American  writers,  and  in  power  to  grasp  pure 
philosophical  ideas  was  rarely  equalled." 


77 


I      « 

J.  GABRIEL  WOERNER 


The  Early  St.  Louis  Movement 

Some  of  the  Early  Leaders 

By  William  F.  Woerner 

The  honor  of  participating-  in  this  commemoration  of  the 
"Early  St.  Louis  Movement"  on  this  80th  birthday  anniversary 
of  Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider,  doubtless  has  been  accorded  me  not  be- 
cause of  individual  activities  therein  on  my  part,  but  because 
of  the  good  fortune  that  has  been  mine  in  having  come  in  such 
close  contact  with  the  great  leaders  of  that  movement  in  my 
own  father's  home. 

There  may  be  many  who  may  be  referred  to  as  having  been 
participants  in  that  peculiar  movement.  But  to  me  the  four 
great  pillars  that  are  the  main  support  of  the  great  intellectual 
structure  that  we  today  commemorate  loom  up  as  the  giant 
minds  of  Henry  Clay  Brockmeyer,  William  Torrey  Harris,  J. 
Gabriel  Woerner  and  Denton  Jaques  Snider.  These  four  were 
men  of  totally  diverse  personality,  individuality,  appearance  and 
environment,  yet  they  met  upon  the  same  common  ground  of  a 
supreme  intellectual  and  spiritual  world  ;  their  very  differences 
made  for  the  great  profit  of  each  during  their  joint  lives,  marked 
by  a  close  and  beautiful  friendship  extending  over  half  a  century. 

Three  of  these  intellectual  giants  long  ago  passed  away  to 
that  bourne  from  which  no  traveler  returneth.  Though  death 
has  claimed  them,  yet  are  they  deathless.  Though  their  voices 
are  hushed,  yet  do  they  speak  forever.  And  so  will  it  be  with 
him  who  is  still  physically  with  us  in  the  full  vigor  of  his  strong 
mentality. 

The  so-called  "St.  Louis  Movement"  was  no  spectacular 
event  heralded  by  trumpets  and  clamor,  but  it  was  and  is  of 
more  far-reaching  consequence  in  the  intellectual  life  of  our  city 
and  our  time  than  the  product  of  any  hundred  mere  millionaires 
that  ever  lived  in  the  world.  The  millionaire  lives  and  dies  and 
is  gone.    The  thinker  lives  and  his  spirit  never  dies. 

All  four  of  these  men  were  philosophers  of  the  highest  type. 
Yet  not  one  of  them  lived  the  life  of  an  esoteric  spiritual  hermit, 
apart  from  the  world,  in  the  realm  only  of  abstract  thought.  For 
each  of  them  knew  the  force  of  what   all   the  disciples  of   Dr. 

81 


Snider  so  often  heard  from  him,  that  a  man  lives  a  true  and 
useful  life  only  as  he  imparts  what  is  best  in  him  to  others,  that 
he  must  universalize  himself  to  the  extent  that  his  human  limi- 
tations permit.  And  each  of  these  four  men  appreciated  that  no 
spiritual  principle  or  ideal,  however  true  as  an  abstraction,  has 
indeed  any  reality  unless  it  finds  its  application  to  the  concrete 
in  life — unless  it  has  its  incidence  upon  some  human  relation- 
ship. Or,  to  use  the  philosophical  nomenclature,  the  universal 
has  no  existence  without  the  particular  in  which  it  finds  ex- 
pression. In  this  sense  there  can  not  only  be  no  Creation  with- 
out the  Creator,  but  no  Creator  without  Creation ;  no  only  not 
Man  without  God,  but  not  God  without  Man  created  in  his 
image;  not  only  must  the  true  "particular  be  raised  to  its  uni- 
versal consecration",  but  the  universal  must  be  truly  reflected 
in  the  particular. 

Governor  Brockmeyer  perhaps  was  endowed  with  a  mind 
as  profound  as  any  of  these  four.  It  is  certain,  however,  that 
he  imparted  to  the  world  in  a  less  degree  the  fruits  of  his  great 
genius  than  did  the  others.  But  he  did  exert  a  powerful  in- 
fluence upon  the  lives  of  his  three  friends,  who  in  turn  passed 
it  on  to  the  world  at  large.  It  is  characteristic  of  the  man  that  in 
his  younger  years  he  fled  from  all  human  society  and,  while 
living  a  hermit  in  the  woods,  read  and  translated  into  English 
from  the  original  German  that  most  difficult  and  profound  of  the 
Hegelian  works,  the  "Larger  Logic"'.  The  work  as  translated 
has  unfortunately  never  been  printed,  though  it  is  now  intact 
in  possession  of  the  Chairman  of  this  meeting.  Brockmeyer's 
was  probably  the  only  mind  that  had  the  grasp  equal  to  this 
stupendous  task. 

Dr.  William  T.  Harris,  brother  of  our  worthy  chairman, 
honored  St.  Louis  by  his  presence  from  1857  to  1880,  and  be- 
came a  man  of  international  fame  as  an  educator.  He  left  his 
mark  indelibly  in  a  number  of  directions,  but  so  far  as  St.  Louis 
is  concerned  he  achieved  his  most  effective  results  as  superin- 
tendent of  the  public  schools  here  up  to  1880.  The  direction 
and  management  of  the  public  schools  is  the  highest  trust  con- 
fided to  a  democracy.  The  life  of  the  republic  in  the  future 
depends  upon  the  training  of  the  youth  of  each  preceding  genera- 
tion. The  work  of  Dr.  Harris  in  this  field  is  of  inestimable 
benefit  today.  It  seems  like  a  crime  against  the  children  of  this 
day  and  a  betrayal  of  our  most  cherished  hopes  and  ideals,  that 

82 


WM.   F.  WOERNER 


the  sinister  interference  of  selfish  politicians  threatens  the  effici- 
ency of  our  school  system  today  and  has  forced  the  withdrawal 
of  the  present  splendidly  able  and  competent  Superintendent. 
John   \Y.  Withers. 

I  will  not  here  discuss,  but  leave  it  to  others,  the  activities 
of  my  father.  J.  Gabriel  Woerner,  in  connection  with  the  early 
participants  in  the  "St.  Louis  Movement."  But  1  may  say  that 
the  effect  of  his  studies  of  the  Hegelian  philosophy  is  distinctly 
traceable  in,  if  not  the  inspiration  of,  his  great  law  book,  "The 
American  Law  of  Administration."  And  perhaps  I  may  be 
pardoned  in  saying-  that  this  work  is  the  pioneer  book  on  probate 
law  in  America,  that  it  is  an  authority  recognized  to  the  four 
corners  of  the  Republic. 

Ami  it  is  appropriate  on  this  occasion  further  to  say  that  in 
his  novel  "The  Rebel's  Daughter,"  Judge  YYoerner  portrays 
with  startling  vividness  some  of  the  individuals  of  "The  St. 
Louis  Movement"  whom  he  knew  so  well.  Indeed  nearly  all 
the  characters  of  that  novel  are  veiled  characters  taken  from  real 
life.  In  the  Victor  'Waldhorst  of  the  novel  he  gives  a  picture 
of  himself  and  of  his  own  life  up  to  the  Civil  War.  And  no  one 
who  knew  Brockmeyer  can  fail  to  see  him  depicted  in  the  Rauen- 
fels  of  the  novel,  nor  fail  to  see  Dr.  Snider  in  the  character  of 
Dr.  Taylor,  nor  Dr.  \V.  T.  Harris  in  that  of  Professor  Altrue. 

And  now  for  the  last  of  this  quarternary,  our  Dr.  Denton 
J.  Snider,  our  guest  of  today.  We  are  gratified  that  he  has  been 
spared  us  in  person,  and  that  we  have  this  opportunity  to  do  him 
honor.  He  has,  like  a  thread  of  golden  thought,  run  through 
this  "St.  Louis  Movement"  from  its  inception  down  to  the 
present;  in  fact,  he  is  identified  with  it  as  its  soul.  I  knew  him 
when  I  was  a  boy,  when  he  came  to  my  father's  house  as  he  did 
to  his  own.  He  was  my  instructor  at  Central  High  School;  1 
was  with  the  private  classes  he  led  in  his  wrorks ;  I  was  a  mem- 
ber of  his  public  courses  and  lectures.  I  have  read  his  works, 
of  which  there  are  about  half  a  hundred.  I  have  had  the  honor 
of  myself  leading  one  of  the  classes  studying  his  works,  and  1 
say  that  in  my  humble  judgment  he  is  a  man  who  in  the  in- 
tellectual world  stands  today  with  hardly  a  living  peer.  The 
perusal  of  his  books  is  alone  and  in  itself  a  liberal  education  for 
his  readers. 

His  genius  is  comprehensive  and  more  diversified  than  that 

85 


of  any  author,  living  or  dead.  In  his  works  he  has  traveled 
and  illumined  the  whole  literary  field.  They  cover  the  com- 
mentaries on  the  world's  four  literary  bibles,  Homer,  Dante, 
Shakespeare,  Goethe ;  the  world  of  poetry,  of  ancient  and  modern 
philosophy,  of  European  and  American  History,  of  American 
Constitutional  Law,  of  Social  Institutions,  of  fiction  of  a  high 
order,  of  biography,  of  autobiography,  of  Architecture,  of  Music 
and  the  Fine  Arts,  of  the  "St.  Louis  Movement"  itself.  And 
in  some  realms  of  thought  he  is  still  the  sole  pioneer  and  dis- 
coverer, the  Columbus  of  a  New  World  of  Thought,  namely  the 
Sniderian  psychology.  Therein  he  transcends  even  the  Hegel- 
ian philosophy  and  makes  an  epoch  in  human  thought  that  will 
be  more  truly  appreciated  a  century  hence  than  in  our  own  times. 


86 


PROFESSOR  FRANCIS  E.  COOK 


Reflections  on  the  Early  Movement 

By  Professor  Francis  E.  Cook. 

At  one  of  its  earliest  meetings,  on  motion  of  Dr.  Harris, 
I  was  chosen  President  of  the  Kant  Club,  an  honor  which  was 
continued  and  became  permanent;  let  me,  therefore,  say  that  I 
deem  Mr.  Schuyler's  record  in  Washington  University  Bulletin 
1893-4  so  satisfactory  as  to  leave  little  for  me  to  add;  it  is  sub- 
stantially correct.  Allow  me  to  say,  however,  that  our  proceed- 
ings were  not  entirely  given  over  to  high  and  hard  thinking, 
our  closing  moments  being  generally  characterized  by  relaxation 
and  jollity;  as  an  instance  of  which  let  me  cite  the  following: — 
One  evening,  just  before  adjournment,  I  happened  to  remark 
that  it  was  reported  in  the  press  that  Tennyson,  the  poet,  had 
declined  a  Baronetcy — which  act — I  presumed  was  prompted 
by  his  "Kind  hearts  are  more  than  coronets''  conviction.  To 
this  Dr.  Holland  demurred,  saying  that  "The  declension  was 
probably  because  the  title  was  not  high  enough,  saying,  if 
Victoria  had  offered  to  make  him  a  Lord,  or  an  Earl,  he  would 
not  then  have  declined."  Here  Air.  Garland,  an  inveterate  and 
happy  punster,  joined  in,  saying,  in  his  inimitable  way,  "I  see 
now  more  vividly  than  ever  before  the  deeper  significance  of  that 
line  of  the  poet.  "Call  me  Earl-y,  mother  dear!"  Dr.  Holland 
adding  "And  how  tenderly  the  poet  alludes,  in  that  line;  to  the 
'Queen-mother.'  " 

By  the  way,  Dr.  Holland's  remark  proved  prophetic,  for 
Tennyson  did  eventually  accept  the  title.  Lord,  when  offered. 

Again,  it  was  always  delightful  to  note  the  altruistic  at- 
titude of  these  high  thinkers,  Dr.  Harris  remarking  that  he  con- 
sidered Dr.  Snider's  commentaries  on  Shakespeare's  dramas,  as 
great,  in  the  field  of  ethical  criticism  as  Shakespeare  was  in  the 
realm  of  dramatic  poetry — and  Dr.  Snider,  in  referring  to  Dr. 
Harris'  splendid  report,  as  United  States  Commissioner  of  Edu- 
cation, on  the  "Correlation  of  Studies,"  pronounces  it — "the 
masterpiece  of  its  author,  the  greatest  educational  document 
that  America  has  produced,  and  ranking  very  high  in  the  world's 
literature  of  education.  .More  profoundly  than  any  pedagogical 
writer  hitherto,   this   author  grounds   the  elementary   branches 

89 


REV.   DR.   R.   A.  HOLLAND 


of  the  Common  School  upon  their  infinite  value  in  unfolding  the 
pupil  without  neglecting  their  finite  value  in  the  utilities  of 
human  life." 

Dr.  Harris  was  the  founder  of  the  Kant  Club,  and  as  its 
former  President,  1  wish  to  call  your  attention  to  what  I  have 
done  to  have  what  I  deem  a  most  fitting  inscription,  taken  from 
his  essay  on  Dante,  placed  upon  a  memorial  tahlet  at  the  Harris 
Teachers  College. 

This  I  have  suggested  already  to  the  late  Superintendent 
of  Instruction,  Ben  Blewett,  also  to  Ex-Superintendent,  Dr.  John 
\V.  Withers,  also  to  Dr.  E.  George  Payne,  Principal  of  the 
Teachers  College,  and  to  several  others.  I  repeat  it  here,  hoping 
that  some  of  your  number  may  see  fit  to  co-operate,  if  you  agree 
with  me,  in  bringing  to  pass  this,  to  my  thinking,  consummation 
devoutly  to  be  wished. 

"To  the  soul  who  has  learned  so  much  of  the  freedom  of  the 
will  as  permits  him  to  see  that  all  influences  from  its  environ- 
ment— all  the  arrows  of  fate,  all  the  stings  of  fortune — may  be 
made  use  of  by  the  soul  to  purify  itself — to  such  a  soul  no  evil 
can  happen.     He  has  solved  the  problem  of  life." 

This  account  must  certainly  include  the  revered  and  dis- 
tinguished name  of  the  late  Dr.  William  M.  Bryant,  who  entered 
our  circle  eminent  as  a  Scientist,  and  who,  under  the  compelling 
influence  of  our  Club,  ran  rapidly  to  the  generally  recognized 
highest  rank  in  Philosophy  and  Universal  Psychology,  as  is 
attested  by  the  following  list  of  his  published  writings : — "The 
World  Energy  and  its  Self-conservation,"  "The  Philosophy  of 
Landscape  Painting,"  "Goethe  as  a  Representative  of  the  Modern 
Art  Spirit,"  "Historical  Presuppositions  and  Foreshadowings  of 
Dante's  Divine  Corned}'."  "Eternity,  a  Hand  in  the  Weaving  of  a 
Life,"  "A  Syllabus  of  Psychology,"  "A  Syllabus  of  Ethics,"  "Pos- 
sibilities of  a  Pedagogical  Society"  (his  famous  reorganization  of 
the  Society  of  Pedagogy  on  lines  of  University  extension.)  "The 
American  Scheme  of  State  Education,"  "Hegel's  Philosophy  of 
Art.  Translation  with  Introduction,"  and  "A  Textbook  of  Psy- 
chology" (in  preparation  at  the  time  of  his  death).  All  this, 
despite  the  presence  of  constant  neuralgic  pain,  under  which 
many  another  would  have  bent  and  broken.  It  was  indeed  a  joy 
to  have   known   this   heroic   soul   and   to   have   had   the  blessed 

93 


\VM.   M.  BRYANT 


benefit  of  the  encouraging  ideas  that  came  from  his  sympathetic 
and  stimulating  voice  and  pen. 

Now  we  come  to  and  conclude  with  tins,  our  tribute  to  the 
very  great  man  whose  birth-anniversary  we  are  met  to  com- 
memorate. Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider,  on  his  return  to  our  city, 
completed  and  crowned  the  St.  Louis  Movement  by  his  great 
Trilog)  "i-  l»cttcr,  (  )rganon  of  feeling-,  will  and  intellect  through 
which  he  psychologized  the  worlds  of  nature,  life,  man  and  psy- 
chology itself,  by  lifting  it  out  of  its  time-worn  place  as  a  de- 
partment of  Philosophy  into  the  all  inclusive  realm  of  its  own, 
thus  reaching  beyond  that  "Mighty  architectonic  genius, 
Hegel."  himself,  and  making  his  Universal  Psychology  the  un- 
doubted discipline  of  the  Occident  America,  as  Philosophy  has 
been  the  discipline  of  Europe  and  Religion,  that  of  the  Orient— 
His  "Psychosis,"  human,  and  divine  ("Pampsychosis"),  are 
unquestionably  the  last  words  in  the  solution  of  all  the  possi- 
bilities of  self-activity  on  the  way  to  God,  Freedom  and  Immor- 
tality, and  it  is  a  source  of  the  greatest  gratification  that  I  was 
permitted  to  play  an  humble  part  in  this  culmination  of  the  St. 
Louis  Movement  and  to  have  received  the  recognition  and  ap- 
probation of  the  very  great  thinker,  to  whom  I  owe  more,  in- 
tellectually, than  any  other  man  I  have  ever  known. 

To  me  three  names,  representing  three  indissoluble  person- 
alities, stand  out  alone  in  connection  with  the  St.  Louis  Move- 
ment, Brockmeyer,  Harris  and  Snider,  constituting  a  triple-star 
in  the  firmament  of  pure  thought,  each  resplendent  with  its  own 
light. 

Who  can  gauge  their  mighty  influence,  as  time's  last  eons 
onward  roll? 


97 


The  Influence  of  the  Early  Movement  on 
Education 

By  W.  J.  S.  Bryan. 

(It  is  greatly  regretted  that  the  loss  of  this  paper  by  the 
writer  has  prevented  its  publication  in  this  report. 

In  part  of  the  unused  space  allotted  to  it  we  have  given  from 
another  source  a  brief  tribute  to  Dr.  Harris'  influence  as  an 
Educator  and  executive : — ) 

"Dr.  Harris'  administration  of  the  St.  Louis  Public  Schools 
was  remarkable  for  its  conversion  of  a  jelly-fish-organism  into 
a  giant  with  bones. 

"He  was  the  most  practical,  the  most  constructive-minded, 
scholarly  man  I  ever  knew. 

"He  was  great  in  all  the  qualities  that  go  to  make  up  an 
ideal  manager. 

"He  comprehended  the  value  of  Greek  thought  and  life, 
joined  with  a  profound  knowledge  of  the  Roman  World." 

"Dr.  Harris  was  familiar  with  the  religious  writings  of  the 
world,  the  educational  systems,  the  philosophies,  the  worlds' 
great  literatures ;  music  and  the  other  fine  arts,  physics  and 
natural  science.  He  excelled  in  higher  mathematics,  he  was 
interested  in  astronomy  and  constructed  telescopes  in  earlier 
years  with  which  he  could  see  the  belts  of  Saturn  and  the  moons 
of  Jupiter  and  other  objects  beyond  ordinary  vision. 

"He  Confirmed  Goethes'  theory  of  colors  and  studied  out  a 
new  explanation  of  the  action  of  the  Gyroscope. 

"As  an  outcome  of  this  vast  knowledge  he  introduced  an 
"Oral  Course  of  Lessons  in  Natural  Science"  into  all  of  the  ward 
schools  of  the  city. 

"Through  his  influence  copies  of  the  worlds'  great  masters  in 
sculpture  and  painting  were  placed  in  the  school  buildings.  The 
musical  curriculum  was  expanded  and  improved  by  the  intro- 
duction of  classic  music. 

He  paid  careful  attention  to  the  temperature,  humidity, 
ventilation  and  lighting  of  the  school  buildings. 

"Sometime  the  historian  of  the  future  will,  when  calling-  the 
roll  of  Americas'  most  distinguished  sons,  write  the  name  of 
Wm.  T.  Harris  high  in  the  list." 


The  Early  Journals,  Magazines  and  Writers 

of  St.  Louis 

By 
Alexander  N.  DeMenil. 

Dr.  DeMenil  gave  a  very  interesting  account  of  the  early 
journals  and  magazines,  together  with  the  early  writers  of  St. 
Louis. 

No  one  seems  better  acquainted  with  these  interesting-  facts, 
but  for  want  of  copy  it  is  regretted  that  we  are  compelled  to  omit 
publication  in  this  report. 


99 


DR.  FRANK  GECKS 


Development  of  Music  in  St.  Louis 

By  Frank  Geeks. 

It  is  good  for  us  to  sometimes  pause  and  use  a  little  retro- 
spection ;  to  temper  the  pride  we  take  in  our  achievements  wi+h 
acknowledgment  of  what  our  predecessors  have  done. 

The  City  of  St.  Louis  was  founded,  not  by  adventurous 
pioneers,  but  by  cultured  people.  The  French  who  settled  here 
brought  with  them  the  culture  of  their  home  country,  and  a 
great  part  of  that  culture  was  a  love  of  music.  Family  groups 
and  occasionally  larger  gatherings  cultivated  the  art  of  music 
and  we  can  truly  say  that  there  never,  in  the  history  of  our 
City,  was  a  lack  of  musical  endeavor. 

In  1839  Henry  Weber  and  his  daughter  Theresa,  a  splendid 
pianist,  came  to  St.  Louis,  and  were  soon  followed  by  Charles 
Ralmer.  Theresa  Weber  became  the  wife  of  Balmer  and  they, 
together  with  Henry  Weber,  were  great  factors  in  the  up-build- 
ing of  music  in  the  City.  As  early  as  1839  they  founded  an  or- 
chestra, which,  we  can  imagine,  was  a  very  small  one,  but  never- 
theless an  orchestra. 

In  the  40's  of  the  19th  century,  and  especially  after  the  rev- 
olutions of  '48  in  Europe,  when  a  flood  of  German  scholars  and 
cultured  people  from  other  countries  came  to  America,  many 
of  them  found  their  way  to  St.  Louis  and  an  added  impetus  was 
given  to  the  development  of  musical  societies.  It  was  a  matter 
of  course  that  artists  from  abroad,  violinists,  pianists,  singers, 
were  induced  to  come  to  St.  Louis. 

In  1850  William  and  Henry  Robyn  founded  the  Polyhymnia 
Orchestra,  composed  of  a  small  group  of  professional  musicians 
and  a  number  of  amateurs,  doctors,  lawyers,  business  men  and 
students,  all  interested  in  music,  giving  no  thought  to  financial 
remuneration,  but  through  sheer  love  of  music,  studying  orches- 
tral compositions. 

In  1845  Charles  Balmer  founded  the  first  Oratorio  Society 
in  the  City,  and  the  Creation,  the  Messiah  and  other  great  choral 
works  were  brought  to  the  people.  When  a  few  years  later  the 
Oratorio  Society  disbanded  because  of  the  lack  of  funds,  which 

103 


seems  to  be  the  chronic  trouble  of  such  organizations,  the  Caecilia 
Society  was  established.  And  always  when  such  organizations 
would  crumble,  others  would  spring  into  being  and  the  interest 
was  constantly  kept  alive. 

In  1846  the  first  German  singing  society,  The  St.  Louis 
Saengerbund,  was  founded  and  I  need  not  tell  you  how  many 
such  organizations  eventually  came  into  existence.  They  served 
to  spread  musical  culture  to  all  parts  of  the  City-  Many  of  them 
were  composed  of  men  in  the  more  humble  walks  of  life  who  de- 
voted at  least  one  night  each  week  to  singing  the  best  of  music. 

In  1853  the  Germania  Orchestra  of  New  York,  under  the 
direction  of  Carl  Bergman,  visited  St.  Louis  and  gave  a  series 
of  concerts  that  gave  fresh  impetus  to  the  musical  life  of  the 
City.  Traveling  Opera  companies  paid  frequent  visits  and  finally 
in  1858  was  founded  the  Philharmonica  Society  the  first  attempt 
at  an  organization  on  a  large  scale  to  produce  the  best  choral 
and  instrumental  works  in  the  literature  of  music.  Its  director, 
Edward  Sobolewski,  born  in  Konigsberg  and  educated  in  music 
by  the  great  Weber  in  Dresden,  was  a  great  musician  and  a 
splendid  organizer.  Through  his  ability  and  his  fine  personality 
he  developed  a  first  class  chorus  and  a  splendid  orchestra. 

When  in  1866  Sobolewski  resigned,  Egmont  Froelich  was 
brought  from  Stuttgart  to  take  his  place.  He  held  the  position 
until  the  society  disbanded  in  1869. 

In  the  '70s  a  German  opera  company  played  at  the  Apollo 
Theatre  on  Fourth  and  Poplar  Streets  and,  small  though  it  was. 
splendid  performances  were  given  which  were  a  great  boon  to 
the  community. 

At  the  same  time  Hans  Balatka  became  director  of  several 
German  singing  societies.  He  was  a  splendid  musician  and 
an  indefatigable  worker,  and  arranged  many  high  class  concerts. 

During  the  '70s  Severin  Sauter,  with  whom  I  had  the  honor 
to  study,  organized  the  Haydn  Orchestra,  an  amateur  organiza- 
tion which,  with  the  assistance  of  professional  musicians,  gave 
a  series  of  concerts  each  winter.  During  the  summer  months 
concerts  were  given  at  various  gardens  in  the  City  and  in  the 
course  of  time,  Schnaider's  Garden  on  Mississippi  Avenue  and 
Hickory  Street  became  the  fashionable  resort.  These  summer 
concerts  had  always  been  small  affairs  and  most  of  them  by 
brass  bands. 

104 


In  1880  the  proprietor  of  Schnaider's  Garden  suggested  to 
a  group  of  the  foremost  musicians  that  they  organize  an  orches- 
tra. The  suggestion  was  carried  ont  and  the  musicians  organized 
the  St.  Louis  Grand  Orchestra  of  some  25  members  and  chose 
one  of  their  number,  Louis  Mayer,  director,  and  that  was  the 
beginning  of  our  Symphony  Orchestra.  The  Orchestra  met 
with  great  success  and  in  lScSl  was  augmented  to  thirty-five  men 
which  was  a  blessing  to  quite  a  number  of  us,  who,  though  on1)- 
boys,  were  taken  into  the  organization. 

August  Waldauer  and  Dabney  Carr  frequently  heard  the 
orchestra  play  and  its  artistic  progress  prompted  them  to  in- 
stitute a  series  of  symphony  concerts  during  the  winter  of  1881- 
82  and  these  concerts  have  not  been  discontinued  since  then. 

At  this  time  the  Choral  Society,  under  Joseph  Otten,  gave 
several  concerts  with  the  orchestra  each  winter,  and  these  two 
institutions  continued  their  activities  separatelv  for  some  ten 
years  and  then  combined  as  the  Choral  Symphony  Society.  Some 
ten  years  later  the  chorus  was  disbanded  and  the  present  Sym- 
phony Society  was  organized. 

That  small  group  of  musicians  who,  in  1880  founded  the 
( irand  Orchestra,  and  whose  endeavors  were  indeed  a  labor  of 
love,  as  the  monetary  return  was  ridiculously  small,  laid  the 
foundation  for  our  splendid  orchestra,  and  through  their  incen- 
tive we  are  where  we  are  today. 

1  regret  that  I  have  not  the  time  to  go  into  detail.  I  could 
only  give  a  very  cursory  resume  of  musical  endeavor  in  our 
City,  but,  if  I  have  called  attention  to  the  outstanding  features 
and  have  perhaps  caused  some  of  you  to  want  to  investigate  a 
little  further,  I  shall  have  accomplished  what  1  desired. 


105 


ARTHUR  E.  BOSTWICK 

Present  Librarian  of  the  Public  Library 


The  St.  Louis  Public  Library 

Arthur  E.  Bostwick. 

(Our  great  public  library  began  as  "The  Public  School 
Library,"  under  the  leadership  of  Superintendent  Ira  Divoll,  ably 
assisted  by  his  associate,  Assistant  Superintendent  W.  T.  Harris, 
and  Miss  Alice  Bertha  Kroeger,  the  latter  serving  seven  years 
as  librarian. 

Later  it  came  under  the  management  of  Frederick  Morgan 
Crunden  who,  ably  held  this  position  for  about  thirty  years.  In 
reference  to  the  liberal  gifts  to  the  library  that  have  enabled  it 
to  expand  and  so  adequately  meet  the  great  demands  of  the 
different  sections  of  our  growing  city  it  is  said  "Andrew  Carnegie 
gave  his  millions  and  Mr.  Crunden  gave  his  life." 

Since  1909  Dr.  Arthur  E.  Bostwick  has  ably  conducted  this 
important  interest.  His  brief  report  of  the  work  is  presented 
here : — ) 

This  library  now  includes  607,617  books,  housed  in  a  large 
central  building  and  in  10  branches  or  sub-branches,  and  also  in 
temporary  deposits  in  large  numbers  of  schools,  clubs,  societies, 
and  in  industrial  and  commercial  plants.  Through  all  these 
agencies  and  through  about  sixty  delivery  stations  in  drug 
stores  and  groceries,  the  library  now  distributes  yearly  for  home 
use  more  than  2.000,000  volumes. 

Its  buildings  have  become  to  an  interesting  extent  commun- 
ity centers,  and  are  looked  upon  by  nearby  residents  as  places 
where  it  is  natural  to  assemble  for  all  sorts  of  purposes— social, 
educational,  political,  religious,  and  so  on.  In  about  15  rooms 
in  the  system,  there  are  held  during  the  year  over  4,000  meetings 
of  these  and  other  types.  At  the  next  election  three  of  the  branch 
libraries  are  to  be  used  as  voting  places  by  special  request  of 
the  Board  of  Election  Commissioners. 

The  Library  maintains  a  municipal  reference  branch  at  the 
City  Hall  especially  for  the  information  and  aid  of  members  oi 
the  city  government. 

Its  work  with  children  is  especially  note-worthy,  more  than 
1,000,000  volumes  being  given  out  to  young  people  yearly  in 
rooms   at   the   central   and   branch    libraries,    specially   equipped 

111 


FREDERICK  MAN  CRUNDEN 


for  this  purpose.     Careful  attention  is  given  to  the  selection  and 
purchase  of  children's  hooks. 

The  Library  has  departments  devoted  to  works  on  art. 
architecture  and  decoration,  on  the  applied  sciences,  including 
engineering,  technology  and  music,  including  scores  of  standard 
and  current  compositions. 

It  is  planning  in  co-operation  with  the  Board  of  Education 
to  establish  fully  equipped  branch  libraries  in  three  newly  erected 
school  buildings. 

The  Library  has  taken  active  part  in  Americanization  work 
and  its  aim  is  to  create  interest  and  to  give  service  in  every  work- 
that  looks  towards  community  education  and  betterment. 


115 


KEV.  DR.  JAMES  W.   LEE 


Copy  of  a  Letter  Written  to  Dr.  Snider 

BY  REV.  JAMES  W.  LEE. 


St.  Louis,  Mo.,  November  15,  1918. 

My  Dear  Dr.  Snider. — 

I  had  a  long'  talk  last  Monday  with  a  group  of  our  preachers 
about  you  and  your  contributions,  and  among  other  things  I 
stated  that  if  I  didn't  have  my  hands  full  of  work,  I  would  spend 
my  time  the  rest  of  my  days  in  awakening  interest  in  your 
writings,  because  they  had  to  do  with  a  realm  of  thought  and 
of  being  that  we  were  under  the  necessity  of  coming  into,  if 
we  were  to  ever  get  anywhere  as  a  people  or  as  a  race ;  that  you 
had  given  a  program  of  individual,  social  and  political  life  that 
was  not  merely  speculative,  but  was  rather  a  series  of  reports 
from  one  with  sufficient  spiritual  insight  to  enable  him  to  see 
what  had  to  be.  I  think  it  was  Hegel  who  described  himseli, 
not  as  arbitrarily  writing  a  philosophy,  but  as  a  reporter  of  the 
nature  of  reality. 

I  advised  the  young  men  to  get  at  once  and  read  your 
books,  and  I  do  not  propose  to  miss  an  opportunity  to  let  minis- 
ters and  others  know  of  the  vast  value  of  your  remarkable  writ- 
ings. As  I  read  them  more  and  more  myself.  1  am  all  the  better 
prepared  to  recognize  what  Dr.  \Ym.  T.  Harris  used  to  say  to  me 
about  their  value.  I  belong  to  a  ministers'  club  here  of  about 
eighteen  of  the  leading  preachers  of  the  city,  representing  all 
denominations,  and  I  propose  at  my  next  time  to  read  a  paper,  to 
consider  the  value  of  your  writings. 

I  have  started  on  a  review  of  your  life  work,  and  am  sending 
you  a  page  or  two  of  the  first  part. 

With  all  good  wishes,  I  am 

Sincerely  yours, 

JAMES  W.  LEE. 


119 


Most  Remarkable  Man 

By  Rev.  James  W.  Lee, 
Chaplain,  Barnes  Hospital. 

Measured  by  the  philosophical  and  psychological  wealth  he 
has  given  to  the  world.  Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider  of  St.  Louis  is  today 
the  most  remarkable  man  alive  on  the  planet.  Those  who  are 
not  acquainted  with  him  might  suppose,  upon  first  reading  a 
statement  like  this,  that  it  was  somewhat  exaggerated,  but  those 
who  know  the  man,  as  1  have  known  him  for  thirty  years,  will 
agree  with  me  completely  in  the  statement. 

Dr.  Snider  was  born  at  Mount  Gilead,  Ohio,  January  9,  1841, 
so  he  will  be  seventy-eight  years  of  age  the  ninth  day  of  January 
1919.  He  is  the  author  of  more  than  fifty  volumes  of  books 
covering  fields  of  thought,  of  the  existence  of  which  only  a  few 
people  have  any  knowledge. 

Emerson  said  that  Plato  could  be  read  by  only  about  one 
thousand  people  in  any  generation,  but  that  this  thousand  in- 
fluenced ten  thousand  below  them,  and  that  ten  thousand  in- 
fluenced one  hundred  thousand  below  them,  and  that  one 
hundred  thousand  influenced  a  million  below  them,  and  that  mil- 
lion influenced  millions  below  them,  until  finally  Plato  had  such 
a  wonderful  hold  upon  the  thought  of  mankind  that  there  was 
not  a  laborer  who  plowed  the  fields  but  wore  his  hat  one  way 
rather  than  another  because  of  what  Plato  said. 

So  while  Dr.  Snider  is  not  well-known,  except  to  university 
professors  and  thinkers,  he  is  still  having  influence  such  as  Emer- 
son represents  Plato  as  having,  because  Dr.  Snider  has  spent  his 
life  in  the  philosophical  fields  first  explored  in  a  great  way  by 
Plato  and  Aristotle.  He  will  be  far  better  known,  a  thousand 
years  from  today,  than  he  is  now. 

I  make  a  pilgrimage  to  his  house  now  and  then,  just  to 
get  a  glimpse  of  the  livest  man  in  the  realms  of  thought  I  know. 
Though  he  only  lacks  two  years  of  being  eighty  years  of  age, 
he  is  as  young,  seemingly,  intellectually,  as  if  he  were  but  forty. 

If  I  had  money  enough,  I  would  be  glad  to  place  all  the 
books   he   has   written    in   every   university   and   college   in   this 

120 


country,  and  endow  a  professorship  for  the  teaching  of  his  phil- 
osophy. He  is  as  orthodox  as  the  laws  of  gravity  and  the 
multiplication  tahle,  though  he  does  not  arbitrarily  set  out  to  be 
orthodox  with  malice  aforethought.  He  is  orthodox  because  he 
has  the  intuition  and  the  mental  grasp  which  enables  him  to 
see  clearly  the  way  things  are  going,  and  there  is  not  a  sentence 
in  any  one  of  his  books  that  contradicts  the  fashion  God  has 
followed  in  building  the  universe  and  in  making  man  the  highest 
expression  of  his  handiwork. 


121 


MISS  SUSAN  E.  BLOW 


u 
z 

5 
_ 

5 

pq 

J 
O 

u 

cr. 

en 

W 

w 

On 

x> 

W 
Q 


125 


Miss  Susan  Blow  and  the  Kindergarten 

By  Miss  Mary  C.  McCulloch. 

The  chairman  introduced  as  the  next  speaker  Miss  Mary 
C.  McCulloch,  who  spoke  on  Miss  Susan  E.  Blow  and  the  Kinder- 
garten.    By  way  of  introduction  Mr.  Harris  said  : 

Miss  McCulloch  is  one  of  the  few  persons  present  who  has 
enjoyed  the  privileg-e  of  being-  a  student  at  the  Concord  School 
of  Philosophy  where  she  mingled  with  such  delightful  people 
as  Emerson,  Alcott,  Davidson,  Miss  Blow,  Miss  Peabody,  W.  T. 
Harris  and  others.  She  also  attended  the  Literary  School  con- 
ducted by  Thomas  Davidson  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains  at 
Crlenmore,  also  many  philosophic  and  literary  classes  in  St.  Louis. 

Next  to  Miss  Blow  herself,  pioneer  of  the  Kindergarten  work 
in  St.  Louis,  she  has  nobly  devoted  her  life  to  this  department 
of  Education.  She  is  the  supervisor  of  all  the  public  kindergar- 
tens in  our  city  and  has  held  this  position  for  many  years. 

Miss  McCulloch  has  served  as  president  of  The  St.  Louis 
Froebel  Society,  also  president  of  The  Kindergarten  Depart- 
ment of  the  National  Educational  Association  and  is  a  charter 
member  of  The  International  Kindergarten  Union,  and  was 
chosen  for  its  first  secretary.  She  has  also  held  all  of  its  im- 
portant offices  in  this  world-known  organization,  including  the 
Presidency,  and  has  served  in  many  committees,  loyally  and 
efficiently.  Miss  McCulloch  spoke  as  follows: 
Ladies  and  Gentlemen  : 

To  the  untiring  efforts  of  Mr.  David  H.  Harris,  Chairman 
of  this  meeting,  we.  who  are  gathered  here,  are  indebted  for  the 
privilege  and  pleasure  of  coming  together  to  fittingly  recognize 
the  eightieth  birthday  of  Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider. 

His  genius  and  literary  ability  are  recognized  all  over  the 
world.  As  I  listened  to  Mr.  Block's  reminiscences  of  the  Concord 
School  of  Philosophy  I  recalled  the  fact  that  it  was  there  that 
Miss  Susan  E.  Blow  gave  me  an  opportunity  to  meet  and  hear 
Dr.  Snider,  whom  I  found  in  a  circle  of  great  thinkers — -Emerson. 
Alcott,  Dr.  Wm.  T.  Harris,  and  Miss  Elizabeth  Peabody.  a 
pioneer  kindergarten   worker.      Later    1   became  an   appreciative 

127 


student  in  classes  organized  by  Miss  Blow  and  received  great 
inspiration  from  Dr.  Snider's  interpretation  of  Homer,  Dante, 
Shakespeare  and  Goethe. 

To  Miss  Susan  E.  Blow  and  Dr.  William  T.  Harris  honor 
and  gratitude  belong  for  one  of  the  greatest  achievements  the 
history  of  the  St.  Louis  Public  Schools  records,  namely,  the 
introduction  of  the  kindergarten  into  the  public  schools.  Miss 
Blow  contributed  to  this  achievement  a  mind  aflame  with  a  new 
educational  ideal,  an  ardent  enthusiasm,  and  untiring  devotion 
to  the  cause  of  the  "New  Education."  Dr.  Harris  aided  the 
kindergarten  in  its  experimental  stage  with  his  clear  insight 
into  the  educational  principles  upon  which  the  kindergarten  is 
based,  his  wise  counsel  and  cordial  co-operation  in  all  that  would 
contribute  to  the  success  of  the  new  methods. 

In  September,  1873,  Miss  Blow,  having  spent  a  year  in  New 
York  with  Mrs.  Maria  Kraus  Boelte  studying  the  kindergarten, 
returned  to  her  native  city  imbued  with  an  appreciation  of  the 
Froebelian  ideals  of  education.  She  was  eager  to  test  them  with 
a  group  of  little  children  and  offered  to  the  Board  of  Education 
her  services  gratuitously  to  make  the  experiment.  This  offer 
was  accepted  and  a  room  in  the  Des  Peres  School  placed  at  her 
disposal.  Thus  did  the  kindergarten  bud  its  way  not  only  into 
every  public  school  in  St.  Louis,  but  also  into  all  the  public 
schools  of  large  cities  of  the  country  where  the  kindergarten  is 
now  recognized  as  an  essential  part  of  the  educational  system. 
There  are  men  and  women  who  have  happy  memories  of  their 
experiences  as  little  children  in,  this  first  public  kindergarten. 
They  recall  with  appreciation  Miss  Blow's  sympathetic  response 
to  the  needs  of  each  one  of  the  children  under  her  care  as  she 
worked  and  played  with  them  in  an  atmosphere  of  joyous  activi- 
ty, and  they  recognized  the  beginnings  made  in  intellectual  and 
moral  habits  that  have  contributed  to  the  usefulness  and  hap- 
piness of  their  lives.  Many  visitors  found  their  way  to  the  Des 
Peres  Kindergarten  in)  the  early  days, — mothers  to  tell  of  the 
good  results  of  the  training  of  their  children,  young  women  to 
discover  in  the  new  work  a  vocation  that  appealed  and  develop- 
ed the  best  within  them.  Educators  from  far  and  near  were 
attracted  to  this  school  in  Carondelet  by  the  reports  of  the  work 
that  had  been  successfully  inaugurated.  They  returned  to  their 
home  cities  with  enthusiastic  endorsement  of  what  they  had 
observed.     This   resulted   later  in   bringing  to  our  city  earnest 

128 


students  of  the  kindergarten  who  have  become  representative 
kindergarten  leaders.  Thus  there  radiated  from  the  Des  Peres 
Kindergarten  influences  that  have  blessed  children,  young- 
women,  and  mothers  and  proved  a  spiritual  uplift  to  the  com- 
munity. 

To  indicate  the  open-minded  spirit  in  which  Miss  Blow 
began  her  great  work  1  quote  the  following  from  her  first  report 
to  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools: 

"'It  is  in  the  question  of  method  that  Froebel  is  superior  to 
other  educational  reformers.  I  do  not  agree  with  the  kindergar- 
ten enthusiasts  who  can  see  no  light  save  their  own  sun.  I  do 
not  think  Froebel  has  announced  principles  which  are  not.  at 
least,  implied  in  the  writings  of  other  philosophic  educators,  but 
I  do  feel  that  he  has  shown  great  originality  and  wonderful  in- 
sight in  his  application  of  principles,  and  that  his  answer  to  the 
question  'How  shall  we  meet  the  necessities  of  the  child?"  is  the 
most  complete  and  comprehensive  which  has  yet  been  given. 
*  *  *  Personally,  I  feel  that  the  strongest  claim  to  the  kin- 
dergarten is  the  happiness  it  produces.  If  we  create  in  children 
a  love  for  work  we  shall  have  no  difficulty  in  making  them  per- 
sistently industrious.  If  we  can  make  children  love  intellectual 
effort  we  shall  prolong  habits  of  study  beyond  school  years,  and 
if  we  can  insure  to  children  every  day  four  hours  of  pleasurable 
activity  without  excitement,  we  lay  a  foundation  for  a  strong, 
contented   disposition." 

In  187?  Miss  Plow  spent  a  year  in  Europe  studying  with 
Raroness  Marenholz  Pulow  and  visiting  German  kindergartens. 
Upon  her  return  to  St.  Louis,  she  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
Kindergarten  Training  School.  I  met  her  for  the  first  time  in 
the  Stoddard  Kindergarten  and  vividly  recall  her  appearance  as 
she  entered  the  room.  Her  animated  manner,  her  keen  interest 
in  all  the  children  were  doing,  and  encouraging  words  to  the 
kindergartners  in  charge  of  the  children  are  indelibly  impressed 
upon  my  mind.  I  entered  her  large  Training  Class  of  young 
women  each  one  of  whom  today  feels  a  debt  of  gratitude  to 
Miss  Plow  that  can  neither  be  measured  nor  told.  As  we  look 
back  to  the  years  we  were  under  her  tuition,  we  realize  they  were 
the  beginnings  of  an  awakening  to  the  true  value  of  life,  and  that 
what  we  may  have  accomplished  that  is  worth  while  is  largely 

129 


due  to  the  inspiring-  influence  of  a  great  teacher.  Miss  Blow's 
enthusiasm  was  contagious  and  created  in  her  students  a  spirit 
of  consecration  to  their  calling.  No  work  was  too  arduous,  no 
sacrifice  too  great  that  contributed  to  the  recognition  of  the 
value  of  the  kindergarten.  The  Saturday  Morning  Class  at  the 
Eads  School  was  largely  attended  by  teachers  and  mothers,  seek- 
ing the  light  that  came  from  Miss  Blow's  interpretation 
of  "Mother  Play"  and  great  literature.  She  possessed  the  power 
to  set  before  the  minds  of  all  who  listened  to  her  the  "open  door'' 
of  insight  into  life's  meanings,  responsibilities,  and  privileges. 
Play,  Art,  and  Work  were  her  pedagogical  by-words  and  she 
believed  firmly  in  her  mission  to  promote  this  ideal  of  educa- 
tion,    She  said  : 

"My  abiding  conviction  is  that  the  order  of  historic  develop- 
ment is  Play,  Art,  Work.  I  claim  that  the  progress  of  mankind 
has  been  conducted  under  the  inspiration  of  love,  joy,  duty,  and 
religion,  and  not  under  compulsion  of  bodily  need.  Thought  is 
not  democratic  and  it  is  far  from  easy  to  spread  it  to  many  minds, 
but  the  kindergarten  could  not  only  spread  its  ideals,  but  could 
sing  them  and  play  them.  It  could  illustrate  them  through  the 
free  creation  of  little  children.  It  could  make  the  happy  and 
developed  child  its  best  missionary,  and  in  forty  years  or  more 
it  has  preached,  sung,  and  played  itself  into  the  heart  and  mind 
of  the  American  people,  and  from  America  it  shall  go  forth  to 
redeem  and  bless  childhood  all  over  the  world." 

In  the  years  that  followed  Miss  Blow's  active,  earnest,  and 
courageous  defense  of  the  "New  Education,"  she  placed  in  per- 
manent form  in  her  writings  her  insight  into  kindergarten 
theories.  The  first  book,  "Symbolic  Education,"  was  published 
in  1894,  followed  by  translations  of  Froebel's  "Mother  Play," 
"Songs  and  Games,"  and  "Letters  to  a  Mother."  Since  1S95  Miss 
Blow  has  served  the  kindergarten  cause  most  effectively  by  il- 
luminating lectures  given  in  many  cities,  interpreting  not  only 
the  philosophy  of  Froebel,  but  the  philosophy  of  life  as  embodied 
in  the  greatest  thinkers  of  all  ages, — Homer.  Dante,  Shakespeare, 
and  Goethe.  Miss  Blow  was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of 
Nineteen,  and  for  many  years  rendered  valuable  service  in  the 
discussion  by  prominent  kindergartners  of  questions  relating 
to  the  theory  and  practice  of  the  kindergarten. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  International  Kindergarten 
Union,  held  in  April,  1910,  brought  Miss  Blow  to  St.  Louis.    She 

130 


MISS  MARY  C.   McCLLLOCH 


came  to  pay  a  tribute  to  the  life  of  Dr.  Win.  T.  Harris.  Iter  pres- 
ence in  the  city  was  seized  as  a  favorable  opportunity  to  give 
Miss  Blow  a  richly  deserved  ovation.  The  program  of  the  Inter- 
national Kindergarten  Union  included  a  play  festival  at  the 
Liederkranz  Club.  The  hall  was  beautifully  decorated  with 
plants  f"r  the  occasion.  Miss  Blow  led  the  march  of  the  kin- 
dergartners  until  she  reached  the  stage  where  she  had  an  ex- 
cellent view  <>f  the  band  of  five  or  six  hundred  kindergartners 
as  they  marched  by  her  singing  spirited  songs.  Miss  Blow's 
face  was  radiant  as  she  waved  her  hand  in  recognition  of  the 
greeting  given  to  her  by  each  one  of  her  loyal  followers.  Her 
cup  of  joy  was  full  and  as  she  watched  the  kindergartners  from 
different  cities  play  their  groups  of  games,  she  must,  in  some 
measure,  have  realized  the  growth  and  development  of  the  work 
begun  by  her  forty  years  ago. 

This  sketch  of  the  life-work  of  the  great  kindergarten 
pioneer  gives  an  inadequate  comprehension  of  the  power,  beaut}', 
and  genius  of  Miss  Blow's  rare  personality.  She  was  endowed 
by  nature  with  a  wonderful  mentality  that  helped  her  to  inter- 
pret the  thoughts  of  the  greatest  philosophers  accompanied  by 
a  loving  heart  and  sympathetic  attitude  toward  human  joys  and 
sorrows.  She  could  with  keen  enjoyment  intelligently  partici- 
pate in  discussions  of  philosophic  themes,  or  with  delight  enter 
into  the  plays  of  a  little  child.  Her  soul  was  large  enough  to  meet 
each  individual  upon  the  plane  of  her  development  and  with  an 
inspiring  ideal  lift  her  above  the  commonplace  through  the  in- 
sight she  awakened  and  the  efforts  she  stimulated.  All  who 
were  associated  with  her  honored  her  spirit  and  recognized  that 
she  had  a  vision  of  truth  that  she  longed  to  share  with  every- 
one. Her  optimism  and  faith  in  the  final  outcome  of  the  good 
made  her  a  tower  of  strength  to  those  who  appealed  to  her  for 
the  solution  of  their  problems.  She  was  a  loyal  friend,  never 
tailing  to  extend  a  word  of  sympathy  in  the  hour  of  sorrow,  or 
of  encouragement  and  recognition  for  a  successful  achievement. 
Miss  Blow  lives  in  the  affections  of  those  who  knew  her  as  a 
personal  friend;  she  lives  in  the  happiness  of  thousands  of  little 
children  who  have  been  blessed  with  kindergarten  training;  she 
lives  in  the  hearts  of  thousands  of  young  women  to  whom  she 
has  revealed  the  spiritual  meaning  of  life  and  the  sacredncss  of 
their  calling;  she  lives  in  the  ideals  suggested  to  many  mothers 
that  have  helped  them  in  the  nurture  of  their  children. 

133 


RICHARD  SPAMER 


The  Psychology  of  Music 

By  Richard  Spamer. 

Mr.  Spamer:  Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen:  I  first 
want  to  express  my  truly  heartfelt  thanks  for  the  opportunity 
to  participate  in  these  exercises.  I  am  one  of  the  post  graduates 
of  the  Sniderian  System  of  Philosophy.  1  came  to  this  city 
when  it  was  in  its  flowering  epoch,  far  back  in  1877,  when  the 
men  and  the  women  of  whom  von  have  been  told  so  far  in  these 
exercises  were  in  their  veritable  prime,  and  when  they  accom- 
plished what  they  did  not  know  they  were  accomplishing-,  name- 
ly, the  putting-  of  this  community — for  political  reasons  called 
the  City  of  St.  Louis — upon  the  intellectual  map  of  the  entire 
world.  (Applause)  I  do  not  know  of  any  other  epoch,  from  the 
time  they  spilt  the  tea  in  Boston  Harbor  until  the  time  that  the 
empires  of  Central  Europe  were  overthrown,  that  had  more 
significance  for  the  people  of  America  than  the  work  of  Dr. 
Snider,  Dr.  Harris  and  the  rest  of  those  truly  great  ones  who 
were  among  us  in  those  spacious  days. 

The  request  comes  to  me  to  say  something  about  the  psycho- 
logy of  music.  That  is  a  subject  which  it  would  be  difficult  for 
me  to  treat  with  any  lucidity,  if  I  did  not  as  a  newspaper  man 
seek,  and  as  a  newspaper  man  have  found  the  short  cut,  and  that 
short  cut,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  is  in  Dr.  Snider's  own  book. 
(Applause)  He  has,  and  I  hope  you  all  have  read  it,  a  book 
entitled  "Music  and  the  Fine  Arts" ;  a  Philosophy  of  the  Aesthe- 
tic. The  word  "aesthetic"  is  generally  used  in  its  adjective  form 
and  also  in  the  plural  by  most  of  us,  we  speak  of  politics  and  we 
speak  of  aesthetics  and  we  speak  of  acoustics  or,  as  I  prefer  to 
say,  "a-kous'tiks".  That  is  confusing.  Dr.  Snider  does  not  fall 
into  that  error  of  giving  it  in  the  plural,  aesthetic  to  him  is  a 
great  rubric  in  philosophy,  because  while  aesthetic  is  a  basic 
source,  philosophy  applies  to  and  regulates  the  conduct  of  men  : 
the  aesthetic  is  one  thing  higher,  just  like  in  physics  we  have 
the  things  of  the  material  world  and  in  metaphysics  something 
higher,  the  world  of  the  spirit  that  knows  no  bounds,  and  that 
is  always  being  emendated  and  explained  and  compared,  and 
for  which  we  really  have  no  foundation  except  as  it  exsists  in 
ourselves  as  individuals. 

137 


Now,  with  this  somewhat  prolific  introduction,  1  will  read 
to  you  and  comment  as  I  go  on,  that  chapter  in  the  work  I  have 
just  quoted  on  the  "Philosophy  of  Music."  Before  I  get  to  that, 
let  me  say  something  about  music  in  the  language  of  my  dear 
departed  friend,  'William  Marion  Reedy,  who  really  should  be 
with  us  today.  (Applause)  "He  is  gone,  who  seemed  so  great, 
gone,  but  nothing  shall  relieve  him  of  the  good  he  made  his  own 
being  here,  and  we  believe  him  somewhat  far  advanced  in  state, 
and  that  he  wears  a  truer  crown  than  any  mortal  hand  might 
make." 

Billy  Reedy  used  to  say  about  psychology  and  music  and 
various  things  that  he  regarded  abstruse — although  fully  under- 
stood, as  instanced  in  his  writing — that  he  knew  all  about  the 
abstract,  the  concrete  and  the  asphaltum.  (Laughter)  He  knew 
about  the  asphaltum  because  he  walked  the  streets  of  St.  Louis, 
morning,  noon  and  night  (applause),  and  that  was  just  at  the 
time  when  we  were  changing  from  granitoid  streets  to  as- 
phaltum streets.     (Laughter). 

Now,  I  am  somewhat  in  the  same  relation  to  this  subject 
of  psychology,  but  this  has  come  to  me  since  I  have  looked  into 
this  book,  that  I  never  would  have  known  what  psychology 
means  if  I  had  not  read  Dr.  Snider's  book,  I  get  that  out  of  his 
book  in  reference  to  what  I  have  absorbed  out  of  other  books 
that  I  have  read,  because  of  the  lucidity  of  his  exposition  and 
the  fact  that  everything  he  has  written  has  been  written  ac- 
cording to  a  pattern,  as  he  has  found  that  pattern  in  his  own 
mind.  (Applause)  That  is  the  tremendous  value  of  the  work  of 
Denton  J.  Snider.  If  you  will  go  back  in  your  memory,  if  you 
can  recall  now  what  books  have  done  you  the  most  good,  what 
works  of  man  have  appealed  most  to  you,  from  Aristotle  and 
Jesus  down  to  the  present  day,  if  your  mind  is  as  nimble  as 
all  that  (I  am  not  saying  mine  is,  I  am  simply  operating  now), 
if  vnii  have  done  that,  you  will  find  that  all  of  these  great  men 
have  had  a  pattern  and  if  that  pattern  is  recognized  by  the  reader 
he  gets  the  heart  of  the  thing;  and  if  he  does  not  recognize  that 
pattern,  he  does  not,  and  that  is  all  there  is  to  be  said  about 
it.  I  Applause) 

The  value  of  Dr.  Snider's  operations  in  the  immeasurable 
field  of  philosophy,  but  more  particularly  in  the  illimitable  field 
of  psychology,  are  based  upon  his  thorough  grounding  in  the 
pedagogic  art.    The  school-master,  my  friends,  may  not  be  with- 

138 


out  honor  >ave  in  his  own  country,  he  will  pa-s  that  all  over 
he  will  not  talk  to  you  about  what  public  education  means  in 
the  United  States  today,  what  it  has  meant  in  past  time  and 
what  it  is  likely  to  mean  in  the  great  time  now  before  us,  that 
would  go  beyond  even  psychological  bounderies.  but  this  we  can 
say  :  that  when  a  man  appears  among  us.  like  this  wonderful 
man.  full  of  years  and  honors  and  still  active  in  the  field,  know- 
ing that  that  field  is  only  partly  tilled  and  waits  the  labor-  of 
the  husbandman,  when  such  a  man  comes  among  us  and  we 
detect  in  our  own  finite  and  dubious  way  how  he  accomplished 
that  which  he  has  done,  then  we  say  for  ourselves  in  a  time  like 
this,  at  a  moment  of  what  we  might  properly  call  public  con- 
fession, that  he  has  done  us — me.  you  and  ail  of  us,  a  great 
service  by  this  great  scheme  of  psychological  enlightenment  that 
we  find  in  his  books.     (Applause) 

But,  to  get  down  to  what  I  have  been  asked  to  speak  about 
— music.  Xow.  music  is  only  known  to  us.  most  of  us  as  what 
we  might  call  an  audible  functioning,  but  Dr.  Snider  gives  us 
an  entirely  different,  a  farther  idea,  he  answers  every  question 
about  what  music  is  by  not  saying  a  single  thing  about  com- 
posers or  about  musicians.  Get  that,  if  you  please.  He  has 
nothing  to  do  with  that  at  all  in  this  book  on  the  "Psychology 
of  Music.  That  he  could  write  as  good  a  history  of  music  as  any 
man  in  the  United  States,  I  am  well  persuaded,  and  part  of  my 
daily  work  "from  day  to  day  for  many  years"  has  been  to  read 
about  music,  to  listen  to  music  and  to  write  about  it.  and  on 
that  line  he  has  given  me  nothing  because  he  has  offered  noth- 
ing, but  on  the  inherent  facts,  on  the  central  idea  of  what  music 
really  is  in  the  psychological  scheme  of  things,  he  has  given  me 
so  much  that  I  would  not  now  lay  my  verbal  hands  upon  it, 
but  give  it  to  you  as  I  find  it  in  the  books,  and  then  we  can 
possibly  get  together  on  this. 

Xow.  Dr.  Snider  says  here:  "Can  we  bring  to  light  the 
original  constructive  principle  of  the  total  edifice  of  music? 
\\  e  seek  first  of  all  to  grasp  and  unfold  the  primal  germ  out  of 
which  it  grows  from  its  earliest  bud  to  its  latest  flowering.  And 
as  music  is  the  most  psychologic  of  all  the  Fine  Arts — 'Stands 
nearest  to  the  Psyche  and  responds  most  readilv  and  intimately 
to  the  process  of  the  same — we  may  well  deem  that  a  preliminary 
study  of  its  ultimate  nature  will  be  the  best  preparation  for  a 

139 


fundamental    survey   of   all   Art,   especially    from   the   psychical 
point  of  view." 

I  will  digress  here  to  bring-  home  what  he  says  about  the 
study  of  music  as  being  the  fundamental  part  of  all  art.  He 
divides  art  into  three  great  classes,  the  fine  arts,  he  so  divides 
Poetry,  Painting  and  Music,  but  the  greatest  of  these  is  music. 
Now,  that  is  a  point  that  we  ought  to  talk  five  or  six  days  about, 
lo  thoroughly  imbue  ourselves  with  it.  I  have  glimmerings  of 
a  light  there  myself,  I  have  to  study  a  little  more  though  to  agree 
with  him,  because  I  know  I  must  ultimately  agree  with  him.  He 
says : 

"Music  is  the  third  and  highest  of  the  Fine  Arts,  Poetry 
and  Painting  being  the  other  two.  What  is  the  genetic  unit  of 
Music,  the  original  basic  unit  of  which  music  is  constituted? 
Music  is  not  a  stationary  thing  which  we  can  examine  under 
the  microscope;  its  essence  is  movement."  He  has  not  said  a 
word  yet  about  the  whole  theory  of  sound,  which  he  knew  back- 
wards and  knows  forwards.  "It  is  a  process  incessantly  going 
on."  Music  is  movement,  and  movement  is  the  only  manifes- 
ation  of  the  cosmos.  "When  the  motion  stops,  the  music  stops; 
it  has  to  be  active,  yea,  self-active  in  an  external  way,  and  hence 
it  is  the  most  adequate  outer  artistic  manifestation  of  our 
mind's  self-activity  and  of  that  of  the  universe,  too." 

We  are  talking  about  music,  we  are  not  talking  anything 
about  the  creation  of  the  world,  but  we  are  talking  about  music 
in  these  wonderful  pages.    He  says : 

"Now,  the  peculiarly  striking,  as  well  as  significant  fact 
about  music  is  the  recurrence  of  sound  always  and  everywhere 
taking  place  in  it,  through  sweeps  large  and  little."  As  if  in 
between  all  of  these  physical  motions  of  the  ear  which  respond 
to  our  aural  apparatus  in  the  form  of  sound,  and  that  subdivision 
of  sound  called  music ;  as  if  there  were  in  between  them  in  that 
tonic  contact  and  repulsion,  something  which  the  human  ear 
cannot  fathom,  cannot  apprehend,  and  which  puts  us  right  at 
the  one  blind  door  in  the  creation  of  the  cosmos. 

I  do  not  think  that  Dr.  Snider  quite  knew  when  he  wrote 
these  lines  how  deep  they  are.  Always  there  is  a  blind  spot 
in  the  universe,  and  now  we  are  talking  about  music  as  the  mani- 
festation of  certain  imponderable  forces,  certain  imponderable 
powers.    He  says : 

140 


"Music  is  a  series  of  tone-cycles  embracing  the  whole  as 
well  as  the  smallest  unit  of  its  composition.  Indeed  it  would 
not  be  truly  artistic,  nor  attune  the  human  soul  to  a  concordance 
with  itself,  unless  it  had  in  its  least  part  the  tonal  process  of  the 
whole,  we  may  say  of  the  all."  1  wish  I  had  five  or  six  days 
to  explain  all  this  to  you.     (Applause) 

"Accordingly,  the  genetic  unit  of  music  is  the  recurrence  of 
sound  which  is  ever  going  forth  out  of  itself  and  ever  coming 
to  itself  again."  Isn't  it  wonderful,  this  cycle,  this  great  orbit 
and  cycle  of  sound,  he  calls  it  music  ;  what  have  we  known  before 
of  music  until  we  have  read  these  pages?  There  is  another  sub- 
ject. "This  is  what  elevates  sound,  which  is  of  itself  partial 
and  broken,  into  its  musical  entirety ;  sound  made  whole  be- 
comes the  tone  which  is  the  ultimate  harmonic  constitution  of 
the  total  structure  of  music — the  beautiful  well-shaped  block 
of  marble  of  which  the  vast  cathedral  is  to  be  built." 

Do  you  get  that,  all  of  these  sounds  that  are  flying  around, 
he  compares  to  a  vast  block  of  marble  out  of  which  ultimately 
the  whole  structure  called  the  cathedral  is  to  be  built,  out  of 
which  ultimately  through  divinely  gifted  men  and  women  that 
wonderful  structure  called  music  is  to  be  created.  These  various 
inarticulate  sounds  that  surround  us,  veritable  angel  voices  we 
might  say. 

The  musical  tone,  therefore,  has  in  it,  as  its  essential  char- 
acteristic, this  cycle  of  sound,  of  self-separating  and  self-return- 
ing in  an  outer  process  of  the  sense  of  hearing,  which  is  to  carry 
it  within.  But  to  what  inner  sanctuary  does  the  ear  carry  this 
cycled  tone-world,  and  for  what  purpose?  Soul,  Self,  Ego,  it  is 
variously  called,  which  also  has  its  process,  which  Dr.  Snider 
calls  the  "Psychosis",  corresponding  with  the  tonal  process  of 
music. 

There  is  no  closer  searcher,  no  keener  eye,  no  greater  force 
in  all  the  universe  than  that  which  by  means  of  music  reacts 
upon  the  human  soul ;  that  is  the  philosophical  idea  that  he  con- 
veys here  when  he  mentions  the  "psychosis":  he  simply  men- 
tions the  function  of  the  soul,  its  receptivity  to  outward  things. 
He  might,  if  he  were  a  musician,  a  composer,  say  that  the 
psychosis  is  simply  that  which  we  call  harmony  in  music,  but 
harmony  in  music  has  man-made  rules;  harmony  in  music  does 
not  quite  explain  what  the  psychosis  is,  what  the  reaction  of  the 

141 


human  soul  to  music  is  when  music  comes  to  us  through  the 
outward  processes. 

Here  is  where  we  get  a  clear  idea  as  to  what  the  psychology 
of  music  is,  that  harmonious  sound  reacts  upon  the  soul  in  a 
harmonious  way :  and  inharmonious  sounds  in  an  inharmonious 
way.  For  that  reason,  if  I  wanted  to  descend  right  down  to 
practical  things,  I  would  say  that  Richard  Wagner  is  a  great 
composer,  because  he  understood  the  laws  of  human  harmony, 
and  those  who  came  after  him  and  wanted  to  improve  upon  him 
did  not  do  so  because  they  did  not  understand  the  laws  of  har- 
mony in  the  psychological  sense. 

"Here  we  have  the  two  sides  which  are  to  come  together 
and  produce  the  one  concord,  the  physical  and  the  psychical ; 
these  form  the  happy  pair  which  give  up  their  two  foldness,  unite 
and  kiss  and  marry  in  the  rapture  of  music." 

Thus  is,  by  music,  established  harmony.  What  a  wonder- 
ful word  it  is  today  in  this  war  disturbed  world  ! 

"Here  we  may  see  the  musical  purpose  of  the  rounds  of  tone; 
they  stimulate  the  soul  to  symmetrical  rounds  of  its  own  which 
it  feels  as  its  very  self  in  activity. 

"Such  is  the  correspondence  between  the  outer  tone-cycle 
and  the  inner  soul-cycle;  they  agree,  and  so  Music  is  often  said 
to  be  agreeable — to  whom  or  to  what?  To  the  Ego  which  is 
roused  thereby  to  its  own  elemental  process  or  psychosis  in 
response." 

Somebody  has  said,  and  I  think  it  was  our  friend,  Ralph 
Waldo  Emerson,  "Trust  things".  Every  human  heart  regards 
that  as  the  voice  of  a  harp  and  responds  to  its  invitation ;  har- 
mony within  and  of  music  can  give  us  that ;  no  wonder  that  it 
is  the  wonderful  art;  that  it  will  continue  to  be. 

"We  may  conceive  the  Ego  as  stirred  by  music  to  be  itself, 
to  be  its  own  primal  process  of  self-activity,  yea,  in  a  degree  its 
own  self-creation.  Such  is  the  first  musical  pleasure,  the  earliest 
thrill  of  the  inner  psychic  harmony  responding  to  the  outer  round- 
ed pulsation  of  the  tone-world. 

"The  soul  is  an  instrument  which  is  played  upon  by  the 
cycles  of  music,  truly  it  is  the  instrument  upon  which  all  musi- 
cal  instruments  have  to  play  at  last,  stimulating  it  to  its  ele- 

142 


mental  activity  which  may  he  called  pure  feeling  or  even  emo- 
tion." 

Dr.  Snider  tell  us  not  to  he  emotional,  but  to  have  pure 
feelings.  Nice  distinction  there.  Another  afternoon  might  he 
devoted  to  that.  "But  we  should  add  here  that  this  soul  is  not 
simply  the  passive  recipient  of  musical  tones,  from  the  outside: 
it  is  that  universal  instrument  which  goes  hack  to  all  special  in- 
struments and  constructs  them  for  its  purpose  which  purpose 
is  essentially  that  their  notes  not  merely  move  forward  but  also 
come  back,  and  thus  are  made  musical." 

Just  a  few  words  more  and  we  will  close  this  chapter.  In 
developing  this  theory,  he  says:  "Indeed  it  is  just  at  this  point 
that  music  begins  to  be  a  matter  of  art,  and  not  simply  a  thing 
of  nature.  Art  turns  the  sound  into  a  cycle,  and  thus  attunes  the 
same  to  itself,  to  its  own  process,  which  makes  it  a  musical  tone 
capable  of  intimate  fusion  and  concordance  with  the  inner  psyche. 

"In  some  such  way  we  seek  to  grasp  the  genetic  unit  of 
music  as  the  tone,  self-separating  yet  self-returning;  vibrating 
outwardly  by  nature  toward  the  infinite,  yet  brought  back  to 
its  starting  point  usually,  but  not  always,  by  Art.  Such  is  the 
primal  sensation  of  music;  the  soul  hears  the  fleeting  sound  re- 
stored to  itself  out  of  its  Might  from  itself,  a  kind  of  outer  self- 
restoration  after  a  tonal  self-alienation.  This  process  it  hears 
not  once  but  many  times,  brought  over  into  all  sorts  of  sequ- 
ences, forms,  and  musical  iridescences.  But  this  outer  diver- 
sity of  tones  has  at  bottom  the  one  unitary  principle,  the  tonal 
cycle,  which  stirs  the  Psyche  to  its  own  similar  unitary  pro- 
cessess,  the  Psychosis." 

This  Psychosis,  as  Dr.  Snider  explains,  in  its  simplicity,  is 
the  primal  act  of  human  consciousness,  the  original  making  of 
selfhood,  which  has  ever  to  be  repeated.  Music  stimulates  to  a 
new  creation  the  primordial  self,  which  is  perpetually  renewed 
and  re-created  in  the  conscious  act.  That  is,  Music  reaches  back 
and  starts  afresh  the  first  origination  of  the  Ego  in  man,  which 
act  gives  him  creative  pleasure,  the  foundamental  pleasure  of 
music,  as  this  makes  the  Ego  feel  its  own  rise  into  being  through 
its  self-generative  act. 

So  music,  as  its  ultimate  fact,  stimulates  the  first  creative 
process    of   mind,   renewing   its   very   birth    into   consciousness. 

143 


Such  is  the  simplest  stage  of  the  purely  psychical  act;  hence  we 
may  say  that  music  in  its  primordial  round,  stirs  the  elemental 
Psychosis,  or  process  of  Self,  starting  the  same  to  its  eternal  re- 
creation. And  this  psychical  process  may  be  said  to  be  running 
through  and  holding  together  all  Art.     (Applause) 


144 


WILLIAM   MARION   REEDY 


William  Marion  Reedy 

By  A.  A.  H. 

The  character  and  career  of  the  late  Mr.  Reedy  made  him 
distinctively  one  of  the  outstanding-  figures  in  the  intellectual 
and  literary  life  of  St.  Louis.  His  experience  took  him  through 
every  phase  of  its  lights  and  shadows  and  he  mixed  and  mingled 
with  the  good  and  bad  ;  but  he  and  his  paper  rose  gradually 
superior  to  untoward  influences. 

From  a  boy-reporter  on  the  great  dailies  he  became  the  editor 
of  the  "Mirror"  which  was  so  thoroughly  the  exponent  of  his 
personality  that  it  became  "Reedy 's  Mirror"  and  while  its  base 
was  St.  Louis,  from  which  nothing  could  tempt  him  to  a  larger 
sphere,  his  thought  was  reflected  over  the  world.  The  Mirror 
was  found  in  London,  Paris,  Vienna,  and  on  the  news  stands 
of  all  the  great  centers  of  European  civilization.  It  was  not  a 
purveyor  of  news,  but  it  was  devoted  to  observation  and  com- 
ment, to  criticism  and  instruction.  His  wide  knowledge  of 
men,  of  events,  of  politics,  of  books,  of  the  thought  of  the  times, 
his  generosity  to  struggling  aspirants  for  literary  recognition, 
his  keen  humor,  his  salient  wit,  his  lucid  style,  brilliant  and 
scintillant — all  combined  in  the  unique  genius  of  Reedy  to  make 
the  Mirror  the  success  that  it  was. 

As  a  speaker  Mr.  Reedy  was  as  fluent  and  forceful  and  de- 
lightful as  in  his  writings.  He  was  frequently  chosen  by  St. 
Louis,  as  its  spokesman  on  civic  occasions.  On  his  last  public 
appearance,  at  "The  Missouri  Authors  Week"  at  Vandervoorts 
Music  Hall  he  presided  with  ease,  grace  and  propriety  as  was 
his  wont.  His  genial  manner,  his  flow  of  wit  and  wisdom  all 
gave  charm  and  distinction  to  the  occasion. 

His  departure  is  felt  with  keen  regret,  not  only  by  his  per- 
sonal friends,  but  bv  the  citv  itself. 


146 


Poem 

Dedicated  to  Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider  on  his  80th  Birthday,  January 
9th,  1921,  by  Katharine  Higgins  Sommers. 

Through  a  veil  of  misty  radiance 

I  watch  the  snow  flakes  fall. 

Pure,  and  beautiful,  they  flutter  over  shrub  and  house,  and  all. 

With  ermine  mantles  they  wrap  the  leafless  trees, 

Then  softly  hide  themselves  among  the  leaves. 

Your  work  of  eighty  years  they  whisper  me 

"Obey  the  Universal  law  and  thus  be  free." 

You  taught  me  to  transcend  all  earthly  ties, 

To  look  at  life,  and  all  created  things  with  psychic  eyes. 

One  must  catch  the  elemental  sounds  he  hears, 

And  find  within  himself  the  music  of  the  spheres. 

LINCOLN'S  MOTHER. 
By  Mrs.  Katharine  Higgins  Sommers. 
inspired  by  Dr.  Snider's  Extensive  treatise  of  Lincoln. 

Her  day  began  as  amber-tinted  dawn 
Shot  yellow  streaks  through  virgin  forests  brown, 
And  ended  when  the  searching  stars  looked  down. 
Awaking  music  stored  within  her  soul 
Shedding  Heavens  rays  of  magic  light 
Revealing  vistas  of  the  infinite. 

While  natures'  wind-harps  chanted  "DeProfundis" 
Forests  for  her,  their  wonderous  secrets,  trace 
And  scented  silence  taught  her  poise  and  grace. 
Birds  filled  the  space  with  sweetest  song; 
Symphonic  mid  the  beauty  of  their  lay. 
The  tender  coos  of  nearby  doves  re-echoed  all  the  day. 
Flattery's  fawning  face,  nor  grandeur's  show 
Xor  greedy  passions  of  the  noisy  mart 
Xor  fortune's  pride  of  place  corrupt  her  heart. 
Kringing  water  from  the  wayside  spring. 
Teaching  lessons  to  her  growing  child. 
She  reigned  supreme  within  the  rugged  wild 
And  when  at  last  her  lowly  tasks  were  done. 
She  gave  to  all  mankind,  yet  left  forlorn. 
A  matchless  son.  for  Freedom  born. 

147 


IN  MEMORIAM. 
Miss  Amelia  Fruchte. 

To  know  her  was  to  love  her,  a  heart  so  full  of  truth, 
A  mind  so  stored  with  beauty,  with  great  ideals,  for  sooth, 
It  could  not  harbor  malice,  but  overflowed  with  good 
For  those  who  sometimes  faltered,  she  always  understood. 
The  glory  of  her  nature,  for  years  and  years  to  come, 
Her  joyful,  helpful  friendship,  we'll  cherish,  every  one. 


"A  MAN  FOR  ALL  AGES." 

Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider. 

By  Mrs.  Adeline  Palmier  Wagoner 

The  hands  of  the  painter  deftly  draw 
Pictures  of  things  he  never  saw; 
The  mind  of  the  poet  paints  the  thing 
He  dreams  and  weaves  into  a  ring ; 
The  soul  of  the  singer  soars  above 
To  realms  of  beauty,  joy  and  love. 
Today  we  honor  the  man,  fourscore. 
Who's  all  these  magic  gifts  of  lore, 
Who  makes  life  glad  for  those  who  come 
To  learn  his  triumphs,  nobly  won. 
If  only  our  hearts  and  minds  could  tell 
One  half  we  know  and  feel  so  well. 
The  earth  with  clarion  notes  would  ring 
To  laurel  him  whose  praise  I  sing. 
Adeline  Palmier  Wagoner 

148 


The  St.  Louis  Tercentenary  Shakespeare 

Society 

By  Mrs.  Adeline  Palmier  Wagoner 


It  was  in  1916  that  Mrs.  Adeline  Palmier  Wagoner,  inspired 
by  the  writings  of  Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider,  the  great  Shakespeare 
scholar,  the  almost  half  century  Shakespeare  teaching  of  Miss 
Amelia  Fruchte,  conceived,  collected  and  catalogued  an  Exhibi- 
tion of  things  pertaining  to  Shakespeare  and  his  Portrayers  to 
celebrate  the  Bard's  Tercentenary.  Together  with  this  most 
interesting  and  instructive  exhibition,  there  were  daily  Shake- 
speare Programs  given  in  the  Vandervoort  Auditorium,  to  which 
the  leading  Scholars  and  Musicians  lent  their  talent. 

Encouraged  by  the  very  large  attendance  at  these  entertain- 
ments, the  work  and  moral  support  of  Dr.  Snider  and  Miss 
Fruchte,  Mrs.  Wagoner  arranged  to  give  monthly  Shakespeare 
programs  in  the  Vandervoort  Auditorium,  with  the  view  of  inter- 
esting the  public  in  worth-while  literature,  and  so  was  formed 
The  St.  Louis  Tercentenary  Shakespeare  Society,  with  Mrs. 
Wagoner  as  Executive  Chairman;  Miss  Fruchte,  President;  Dr 
Snider,  Honorary  President.  After  the  death  of  Miss  Fruchte. 
Mrs.  Wagoner  became  President  of  the  Society,  which  now  num- 
bers over  one  hundred  members.  As  State  Vice-President  of  the 
National  Shakespeare  Society  of  Washington,  D.  C,  Mrs.  Wago- 
ner has  already  inaugurated  a  movement  to  interest  the  various 
towns  of  Missouri  in  forming  Shakespeare  Societies  to  unite 
with  the  Tercentenary  in  a  State  Federation  which  will  be  an 
invaluable  force  in  raising  the  Cultural  Standard  of  Missouri. 


149 


rvsv Amelia  c  73?uckipz:> 


In  Memoriam 

Miss  Amelia  G.  Fruchte 

By  Chester  B.  Curtis. 

It  is  an  honor  to  participate  in  this  programme  dedicated 
to  the  distinguished  philosophers,  educators  and  authors  and  to 
Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider,  whose  eighteith  birthday  we  celebrate 
on  this  occasion.  It  is  an  added  privilege  to  speak  especially  of 
and  for  my  friend  Miss  Amelia  C.  Fruchte,  whose  memory  we 
honor  today. 

Miss  Fruchte  dwelt  on  the  plateau  of  life.  She  climbed 
early  to  a  high  level  of  attainment  and  continued  on  the  plateau 
till  death.  She  climbed  the  slope  in  eighteen  years,  catching 
visions  of  future  efforts,  and  inspirations  for  a  half  century  of 
achievement. 

A  plateau  is  a  plane  appreciably  above  the  general  level 
of  territory,  thought  or  character.  Miss  Fruchte  lived  on  such 
a  plane,  often  seeing  peaks  and  ranges  of  greatness  towering 
above,  heights  from  whence  came  her  strength,  and  occasionally 
looking  into  an  awful  abyss  of  dejection.  Life  would  be  mono- 
tonous, even  on  a  plateau,  were  it  not  varied  by  emotional  exper- 
iences both  dejecting  and  exhilarating.  Hers  was  a  nature  of 
tremendous  intensity;  one  which  sought  expression  in  super- 
latives and  in  extremes. 

Miss  Fruchte  lived  on  the  heights.  Her  ideals  were  high, 
as  should  become  a  teacher.  Early  in  life  she  sought  the  personal 
influence  of  those  whose  philosophy  wras  deep  and  whose  ideals 
were  high.  She  associated  herself  with  Dr.  Snider,  Dr.  Harris 
and  the  Concord  School  of  Philosophy — outstanding  exponents 
of  mental  and  spiritual  culture.  In  Psychology,  Science,  Liter- 
ature and  Art  she  found  the  masterpieces,  master  minds,  even 
the  masters  themselves. 

Her  ideals  were  always  evident  in  personal  matters.  In 
bearing  Miss  Fruchte  possessed  a  queenly  dignity.  She  dressed 
elegantly,  though  simply,  always  with  an  accidental,  all  the 
more  emphasized  by  an  otherwise  plain  setting.  A  dash  of  red 
against  her  black  hair  or  dress  was  characteristic  of  her  strong 
tendencv  to  contrasting-  extremes. 

153 


In  social  relations  she  revealed  a  nature  demanding  and  ap- 
preciating- the  highest  ideals  of  gentlemanly  courtesy. 

In  books  she  loved  the  choicest  editions  ;  in  literature,  the 
best  works ;  in  philosophy,  the  most  profound ;  in  art,  intrinsicial- 
ly  the  best. 

The  plateau  was  nowhere  more  pronounced  in  Miss 
Fruchte's  life  than  in  the  realm  of  imagination.  Once  an  idea 
began  to  develop,  it  took  the  wings  and  motive  power  of  an 
aeroplane  into  the  realm  of  Castles  in  the  Air.  She  motored 
on  many  a  safe  trip  riding  on  the  placid  joy  of  imagination.  Only 
the  landing — the  coming  back  to  earth — was  difficult.  If  her 
plans  could  have  been  realized  with  no  more  expense  than  the 
Castles  which  she  visualized,  many  more  very  considerable  achi- 
evements would  now  be  credited  to  her  remarkable  efforts. 

Her  interests  were  not  restricted  to  the  walls  of  the  class 
room.  She  entered  into  the  social,  sociological,  educational  and 
even  political  fields  of  St.  Louis,  in  some  of  them  as  a  pioneer; 
in  all  an  ardent  worker. 

Miss  Fruchte  participated  in  the  organization  of  the  Wednes- 
day Club,  of  the  Teachers'  Fellowship  Society  and  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  Society  of  Pedagogy,  which  enjoyed  practic- 
ally a  reorganization  during  her  presidency,  and  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Shakespeare  Tercentenary  Society. 

Miss  Fruchte  did  her  real  work  and  established  her  place 
in  this  community  as  a  teacher  of  Shakespeare  at  Central  High 
School.  Thousands  of  our  citizens  came  under  her  influence, 
some  appreciating  to  the  full  the  character  of  her  instruction, 
others  failing  then,  to  realize  what  it  was  all  about.  A  strong 
character  is  always  seen  in  asymmetric  aspects.  By  some,  through 
the  eyes  of  a  cartoonist,  by  others  with  the  vision  a  true  delinea- 
tor. 

Her  strong  personality;  her  marked  and  contrasting  moods, 
impressed  our  youth  with  the  idea  that  Miss  Fruchte  was  a 
unique  character.  This  impression  was  and  is  correct;  but  she 
was  as  great  as  she  was  unique.  Youth  looks  through  cartoon 
eyes,  exaggerates  impressions,  draws  hasty  conclusions.  Miss 
Fruchte's  true  worth  was  in  her  staunch  advocacy  of  high  ideals 
for  boys  and  girls,  standards  of  conduct  which  for  her  measured 
their  mental  and  moral  development. 

154 


MR.  CHESTER  B.  CURTIS 
Former  Principal,  Central  High  School 


Her  true  greatness  as  an  instructor  lay  in  her  power  of 
interpretation  of  plot  and  counterplot,  in  the  deliniation  and 
contrast  of  characters  found  in  the  plays  of  Shakespeare,  through 
which  she  tried  to  drive  home  to  the  youth  of  this  city  the 
truths  on  which  their  lives  might  be  directed.  Such  comprehens- 
ive teaching  was  not  always  understood  by  those  whose  method 
was  strictly  memoriter.  But  it  was  a  tremendously  effective 
method  for  pupils  who  possessed  imaginative  minds,  a  method 
more  appreciated  by  all  students  in  after  life  than  at  the  time 
of  the  experience. 

The  influence  of  Amelia  C.  Fruchte  will  persist  in  St.  Louis 
throughout  still  another  generation  because  she  is  an  abiding 
clement  in  the  character  of  our  younger  citizens. 

Her  name  is  inscribed  on  the  parchment  roll  of  history  in 
the  City  of  St.  Louis. 


157 


Letters  from  Friends 

Many  appreciative  messages  with  congratulations  from 
friends  especially  interested  in  this  meeting  were  read  by  Mrs. 
Curtis  B.  Parker.  Among  these  were  letters  from  Prof.  L.  A. 
Kalbach  of  the  National  Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  D. 
C. ;  Miss  Elizabeth  Harrison,  Chicago,  111.;  Pres.  Wm.  W.  Par- 
sons, of  the  Terre  Haute  Indiana  Normal  School ;  Pres.  John 
R.  Kirk  of  the  Kirksville  Missouri  Normal  School ;  Prof.  John 
B.  Wisely,  Terre  Haute,  Ind. ;  Mrs.  Ruth  Morris  Kersey,  Rich- 
mond, Ind. ;  Miss  Mary  E.  Nicholson,  Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  Miss 
Susan  V.  Beeson,  Farmington,  Mo. 

Lack  of  space  compels  us  to  exclude  these  interesting  com- 
munications. 

The  exercises  of  the  meeting  were  concluded  with  a  banquet 
in  the  evening  at  the  Planters  Hotel  arranged  by  Mrs.  Harry 
Wagoner;  Wm.  F.  Woerner  presiding,  especially  commemora- 
tive of  the  80th  birthday  of  Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider,  which  was  of 
great  interest,  although  Dr.  Snider  was  detained  by  illness  from 
attendance.  Addresses  were  made  by  distinguished  citizens  and 
visitors. 

It  is  regretted  that  the  spirit  and  marked  interest  of  all  the 
meetings  could  not  be  adequately  reported. 

The  chairman  and  managers  of  the  meeting  desire  to  express 
their  thanks  to  all  who  so  cordially  and  efficiently  responded 
and  helped  to  make  it  a  success. 

Our  thanks  are  extended  to  the  Central  High  School  for 
their  music  which  added  greatly  to  the  occasion. 

We  hereby  acknowledge  our  great  indebtedness  to  the 
Scruggs,  Vandervoort,  Barney  Dry  Goods  Co.  and  especially  to 
the  manager  Mr.  M.  L.  Wilkinson  for  the  use  of  the  Vandervoort 
Music  Hall,  the  artistic  programs  and  general  service. 

D.  H.  HARRIS,  Gen.  Manager. 


158 


Address  at  Banquet  in  Honor  of  Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider 

A  friend  of  mine  has  said  that  an  ounce  of  taffy  is  worth  a 
pound  of  epitaphy.  But  there  is  something-  better  than  either, 
namely,  a  sincere  expression  of  admiration  and  affection.  This 
blesses  him  that  receives  and  still  more  him  that  gives.  I  am 
glad  to  be  one  of  this  company  which  has  met  to  pay  a  tribute 
of  honor  and  esteem  to  Dr.  Denton  J.  Snider.  There  are  two 
kinds  of  wealth,  the  material  and  the  spiritual.  Of  the  former 
our  factories  and  industrial  enterprises,  our  farms  and  ships,  our 
railroads  and  mines  are  creators.  But  those  who  add  to  the 
spiritual  wealth  of  humanity  are  the  thinkers  and  inspirers  of 
the  world.  We  need  both,  but  in  this  age  the  material  is  better 
appreciated  than  the  intellectual,  moral  and  spiritual.  And  it  is 
well  for  us,  citizens  of  a  city  of  which  we  are  proud,  to  appreciate 
and  show  our  appreciation  of  those  who  serve  by  deepening  and 
clarifying  the  thoughts  of  men. 

Dr.  Snider  is  a  knight  errant  of  the  intellectual  life,  a  remark- 
able figure  in  the  noble  company  of  thinkers.  His  career  has 
been  one  of  complete  devotion  to  ideal  interests  and  his  activity 
and  productiveness  tremendous.  Yet  he  is  by  no  means  a  mere 
thinking  apparatus,  and  his  philosophy  is  vastly  more  than  a 
soulless  play  of  concepts.  As  we  read  his  books,  we  realize  how 
true  it  is  that  it  is  the  whole  man  that  thinks.  His  life  is  like  a 
river,  growing  wider  and  deeper  as  it  nears  the  end. 

Although  best  known  as  a  philosopher,  many  will  regard 
him  primarily  as  a  literary  man.  His  powers  of  delineation  and 
characterization  are  remarkable.  One  of  his  most  charming- 
books  is  that  on  the  St.  Louis  Movement.  He  makes  his  char- 
acters live  and  presents  them  as  intensely  human,  with  their 
faults  as  well  as  their  virtues,  yet  he  leaves  the  reader  in  sym- 
pathy with  even  the  most  imperfect  of  them.  ( )ne  feels  all  the 
while  that  his  author  is  a  genial  personality,  whose  affections 
have  remained  unspoiled  and  whom  one  would  like  to  know. 

Time  would  fail  me  were  I  to  speak  of  his  philosophy,  and 
there  are  many  excellent  people  who  cannot  fully  appreciate  him 
because  they  do  not  take  philosophy  seriously.  But  we  realize 
its  importance  when  we  understand  that  it  is  a  lifelong  struggle 
against  one  sided  ideas  of  life,  and  is  of  extreme  practical  im- 
portance since  it  is  the  unseen  framework  of  all  we  think  or  do. 
\\'e  must,  of  course,  think  our  own  thoughts,  but  we  do  that 
effectively  only  when  we  think  in  the  light  of  other  men's 
thoughts,  and  know  something  of  the  evolution  of  the  great  ideas 
of  the  human  race.  Moreover,  the  knowledge  of  great  and  wide 
truths  is  not  only  practically  important,  but  it  is  worth  while 
for  its  own  sake.  The  beatific  vision  is  the  supreme  joy. 
Dr.  Snider  has  served  well  his  city  and  country  and  will  be  long 
and  gratefully  remembered  by  those  whose  intellectual  eyes  he 
has  opened  and  to  whom  he  has  been  an  open  door  of  new  life. 

GEORGE  R<  )WLAND  DODSON. 

159 


D.   H.   HARRIS  READING  THIS  REPORT 
PLEASE  DO  LIKEWISE 


Report  of  the 

Early  St-  Louis  Movement 


Centennial 
Appendix 


Illustrations 


Introduction 

As  representative  of  the  important  movement  presented  in 
this  Report,  we  have  been  urged  by  state  and  local  authorities 
to  participate  in  portraying-  these  interests  in  this  the  Centennial 
of  the  founding  of  our  state. 

We,  therefore,  present  this  Report  of  the  Early  St.  Louis  Move- 
ment and  this  Illustrated  Appendix  as  showing  its  background 
and  environment  in  a  partial  and  limited  way  ;  yet  giving  in  the 
portraits  of  a  few  of  its  eminent  leaders,  notable  buildings,  and 
other  features,  some  idea  of  the  part  and  importance  that  St. 
Louis  has  had  in  the  wonderful  history  of  Missouri. 

While  St.  Louis  is  the  commercial  metropolis  of  the  state. 
the  market  and  distributing  point  of  the  great  Southwest,  the 
must  centrally  located  large  city  in  the  United  States,  the  greatest 
inland  port  of  commerce,  her  interests  are  not  confined  to  these 
special  activities. 

To  show  the  ample  educational  facilities  of  our  public  schools, 
we  add  to  what  has  previously  been  mentioned  about  our  famous 
Kindergarten  system — the  cuts  or  pictures  of  some  of  our  great 
modern  schools,  which  are  here  presented  —  unexcelled  in  the 
country.  Also  our  numerous  private  schools,  preparatory,  col- 
leges, universities — all  make  St.  Louis  pre-eminent  in  education 
and  culture.  Our  many  churches  stand  as  the  index  of  moral 
and  religious  aspirations. 

The  facilities  for  refined  amusement  and  entertainment  af- 
forded by  our  country  clubs,  theaters,  moving  picture  shows, 
our  various  musical  organizations — all  indicate  a  favorable  at- 
mosphere for  those  wishing  to  establish  themselves  where  good 
fellowship,  congenial  society  and  helpful,  healthy  environment 
contribute  to  making  delightful  homes. 

Many  of  the  following  facts,  places  and  faces  are  already  famil- 
iar to  our  citizens ;  but  this  brief  summary  is  historical  and  may 
be  of  interest  to  visitors  and  strangers  scattered  over  the  whole 
country,  whom,  we  hope,  this  account  may  reach.  It  is  intended 
tn  create  a  larger  acquaintance   with  St.   Louis. 

We  take  pride  in  saying  that  we  are  of  no  mean  city. 


165 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS— (Appendix) 

Statue   of   St.    Louis - 167 

Pierre  Laclede,   Founder  of   St.    Louis - 168 

August    Chouteau    170 

World's    Fair    Directors - - 171 

St.    Louis    Fair    Monument ..173 

M unicipal    Open    Air    Theater - 174 

Forest    Park    Pavilion - 176 

Winter    Sport    in    Forest    Park - 176 

St.    Louis    Pageant   and   Masque : 177 

ITalsey    C.    Ives - 178 

Art    Museum - 179 

An    Incident    of   the    French    Revolution — Julian    Story 180 

Jules    Dupre — "In    Pasture" -181 

Entrance    Hall — Art    Museum — Sculpture 182 

The   Jefferson    Memorial    Building . 183 

Thomas  Jefferson — Statue   by    Carl   Bitter 184 

Union    Station   - - 185 

The    St.    Louis    Coliseum - 186 

Interior    of    Coliseum . - 187a 

Hotel    Statler   187 

Arcade    Building   _ -188 

Railway    Ex  change    - 18° 

First    National    Bank _ ....190 

City    Hall - — 191 

Municipal    Courts    Building _ — 1Q~ 

Old     Court     House - 193 

Olive    Street    Canon 194 

Kingsbury   Place - - - - 195 

Fads    Bridge    196 

Rev.    Salmon    Giddings 197 

The    First    Presbyterian    Church.    1855.. .'...199 

The    Present    First    Presbyterian    Church 200 

Rev.    Samuel    J.    Niccolls 201 

The    Second    Presbyterian    Church 202 

Rev.    Truman    M.    Post — - 203 

The    Pilgrim    Congregational    Church — 204 

The    I  Tnion    Avenue    Christian    Church 205 

The   Westminster   Presbyterian    Church ..206 

The    First    Church    of    Christ    Scientist 207 

Rev.    Daniel   S.   Tuttle 208 

Christ   Church   Cathedral,   Episcopal,   Exterior 209 

Christ  Church  Cathedral,    Interior 210 

Centenary    Methodist    Church 211 

Grace    Methodist    Episcopal     Church,     Exterior 212 

Grace   Methodist   Episcopal    Church,   Interior 213 

The    Second    Baptist    Church _ 214 

Rev.    W.    C.    Bitting 214 

Rabbi    Leon    Harrison ....216 

Temple    Israel 21  7 

Archbishop    John    J.    Glennon - — - 218 

The    New    Catholic    Cathedral,    Exterior 219 

The    New    Catholic    Cathedral,    Interior - 220 

The   Old   Cathedral,    Erected    1831 221 

Rev.    Father    D.    S.    Phelan _ 222 

St.    John's    Methodist    Episcopal    Church 223 

Chancellor    Frederick    A.    Hall,    Washington    University 224 

Washington    University,    Front    View,    Main    Building 225 

Washington    University    and    Campus 226 

Rev.   Michael  J.  O'Connon,   S.  J.,   Pres.   St.   Louis  University 227 

St.    Louis   University - - - 228 

William    Torrey   Harris   Teachers   Training   College 229 

The  Early  High  School   Building . 230 

The    Present    Central    High    School    Building 231 

The    Soldan    High    School    Building _ _232 

The    Cleveland    High    School    Building 233 

The   Veatman  •  High    School    Building 234 

The    McKinley    High    School    Building. 235 

The    First    Public   School    Superintendent — Ira    Divoll 237 

The    Second    Public    School    Superintendent — William    T.    Harris 238 

The  Third    Public   School   Superintendent — Edward   H.    Long 239 

The   Fourth    Public   School   Superintendent — F.    Louis   Soldan 240 

The   Fifth    Public    School    Superintendent — Ben   Blewett 241 

Henry  Shaw  _..242 

The    Missouri    Botanical    Garden,    Interior   View 244 

The  Missouri    Botanical   Garden,    Italian   Garden 245 

The   Missouri    Botanical   Garden,   Chrysanthemums 246 

The   Missouri    Botanical   (larden,    Palm   Display 247 

The  Missouri   Botanical   Garden,   Tropical   Lily   Pools 248 

Thomas    Hart    Benton - 251 

Missouri  One  Hundred   Years  Ago — At   the  Tavern   Door 252 

Missouri   One   Hundred  Years  Ago — Scene   in  the  Epilogue 253 

Mrs.    George    Gellhorn — "Missouri" 254 

166 


Statue  of  St.  Louis 

The  Statue  of  St.  Louis,  for  whom  St.  Louis  was  named,  holds 
the  commanding  position  on  Art  Hill,  directly  in  front  of  the 
Museum.  It  is  the  work  of  the  Sculptor  Niehaus,  and  was  mod- 
elled especially  for  the  World's  Fair  in  1904.  It  represents  Louis 
the  IX  of  France,  surnamed  the  Saint,  King-  and  leader  of  the 
Seventh  Crusades  in  the  thirteenth  century,  dying  in  1270.  He 
was  the  son  of  Queen  Blanche,  of  whom  he  said  that  "To  her, 
under  God,  he  owed  all  that  he  had  achieved  in  his  character  and 
realm." 


167 


pierre:  laclede 


168 


Pierre  Laclede 

St.  Louis  was  founded  in  1764  by  Pierre  Laclede  Liguest,  a 
native  of  France  and  Auguste  Chouteau,  who  came  from  New 
(  )rleans  to  St.  Louis,  then  a  trading  post.  In  1809  it  had  grown 
to  a  town  with  a  population  approximately  of  2,000,  and  was 
incorporated  with  a  population  of  about  5.000.  St.  Louis  at 
that  time  covered  an  area  of  about  385  acres.  It  now  em- 
braces 40,000  acres  and  a  population  of  about  1,000,000,  including 
suburbs. 

A  fine  statue  of  Laclede  of  heroic  size  by  Zolnay  adorns  the 
grounds  of  our  Municipal  Courts  Buildings. 


169 


AUGUSTE   CHOUTEAU 


170 


The  Louisiana  Purchase  World's  Fair 

In  the  brief  space  allotted  it  seems  impossible  to  present  an 
adequate  idea  of  the  exhibit  of  the  World's  Fair  held  in  St.  Louis 
in  1904.  The  magnitude  and  splendid  arrangement,  complete 
gathering  of  entire  world's  achievements  in  industrial  manu- 
factures, art  products,  education,  social,  secular  and  religious,  and 
political  interests  were  displayed,  summed  up,  indexed  in  a 
masterful  manner. 

As  a  suggestion  of  its  magnitude  it  may  only  be  necessary 
to  state  that  there  were  separate  buildings  representing  the 
different  nations  and  each  of  our  48  states,  besides  those  repre- 
senting special  departments  and  products.  The  Agricultural 
Building  covered  16  acres  of  ground,  while  others  were  quite 
adequate  for  their  purposes. 

Hon.  David  R.  Francis  fittingly  says  in  his  remarkable  report 
of  the  World's  Fair,  the  following: 

"This  exposition  of  19C4  holds  a  place  in  history  more  con- 
spicuous than  its  projectors  anticipated.  For  the  opening  decade 
of  this  century  it  stands  a  marker  (record)  of  the  accomplishment 
and  progress  of  man.  So  thoroughly  did  it  represent  the  world's 
civilization  that  if  all  of  man's  other  works  were  destroyed,  by 
some  unspeakable  catastrophe,  the  records  established  at  this 
exposition  by  the  assembled  nations  would  afford  the  necessary 
standards  for  the  rebuilding  of  our  entire  civilization." 


172 


ST.  LOUIS  FAIR  MONUMENT 
"Signing  Louisiana  Treaty" 


173 


< 

Oh 

H 

CO 

W 
K 
O 
h 

H 

< 

W 
X 
H 

i—i 
< 

2 

U 

o 

< 

i—i 

CJ 
I— ( 

2 

D 


174 


Forest  Park 

Our  Forest  Park  of  about  1,400  acres  affords  remarkable 
facilities  for  open-air  entertainments  and  recreations  to  large 
numbers. 

Perhaps  influenced  by  the  great  success  of  the  Pageant  and 
Masque,  held  in  this  park  in  1914,  when  over  150,000  citizens 
witnessed  this  remarkable  entertainment,  it  was  decided  to  con- 
struct our  open-air  "Municipal  Theater,"  which  seats  about 
20,000,  where  the  city  now  enjoys  the  leading  dramatic  and 
musical  performances  that  are  so  frequently  given  and  so  highly 
appreciated. 

Our  "Zoo"  contains  one  of  the  largest  aviaries  in  the  country. 
and  the  list  of  wild  animals  is  up  to  the  highest  standard. 


175 


FOREST  PARK   AND  PAVILION 


WINTER  SPORT  IN  FOREST  PARK 

176 


V 


"St    T.Miiis  h.i-  tin-   l.ir-rvt   n.ilnr.il  .mi]  ,lmh,Mt 
ii'HI.lKII     , pi,-,     with     .-,,1,1,1 i|     -t.-imlms;     r,,,„ 

was  held  in  St.  Louis,  Ma)  29,  30  and  31,  191-4  ■ 


r 


The  St.  Louis  Pageant  and  Masque 

May  29,  30  and  31,  1914 

This  -was  an  event  long  to  be  remembered  in  St.  Louis,  when 
on  the  grand  slope  in  Forest  Park  in  front  of  the  Art  Museum,  the 
variously  estimated  throng  of  100.000  to  150,000  people  were  as- 
sembled to  witness  the  rehearsal  <  if  the  early  history  of  St.  Louis. 
<  »ur  Art  Critic,  Mr.  Richard  Spamer,  says  :  "The  crowd  was  the 
largest  ever  congregated  in  one  place  at  one  time  in  St.  Louis. 
It  was  seated,  and  at  the  close  it  retired  to  the  exits  without  a 
crush  or  mishap.  It  is  said  to  be  the  greatest  audience  ever 
assembled  in  the  United  States  on  any  occasion  approaching  this 
one  in  point  of  purpose. 

"The  audience  which  turned  back  the  pages  of  history  -And 
lived  for  a  moment  in  a  world  of  dreams,  were  awed  and  delighted. 
On  this  occasion  St.  Louis  celebrated  the  150th  anniversary  of  its 
founding  by  the  presentation  of  a  Pageant  illustrative  of  thirty- 
important  events  in  the  history  of  the  city  and  by  the  presentation 
of  a  Masque  that  gave  a  symbolic  interpretation  of  that  history. 
The  Pageant  was  by  Thomas  Woods  Stevens,  and  Percy  Mac  Kay- 
was  the  author  of  the  Masque. 

"This  was  the  greatest  art  event  in  the  guise  of  the  drama 
ever  exhibited  in  the  United  States." 


177 


fftZSEy  C  IV£S 


Art  Museum 

The  City  Art  Museum  had  its  beginning  in  an  evening  draw- 
ing class  organized  in  1874  by  the  late  Halsey  C.  Ives  at  Wash- 
ington University.  In  1879  it  became  a  new  department  of  the 
University  under  the  heading  of  the  St.  Louis  Museum  and 
School  of  Fine  Arts,  under  the  presidency  of  James  E.  Yeatman 
and  the  directorship  of  Halsey  C.  Ives. 

Through  the  generosity  of  Wayman  Crow  in  1881  it  was  pro- 
vided with  a  separate  building  at  Nineteenth  and  Locust  streets. 

The  present  Museum  building  was  constructed  for  the  World's 
Fair  in  1904  as  a  permanent  home  of  the  St.  Louis  Museum, 
planned  by  Cass  Gilbert  of  New  York.  It  is  in  strictly  classic 
style  and  is  adorned  with  sculptured  figures  by  many  of  the 
Greatest  artists  of  the  times. 


178 


179 


180 


ST.  LOUIS  ART  MUSEUM,  JULES  DUPRE,  ARTIST 
"In   Pasture" 


181 


ST.  LOUIS  ART  MUSEUM  STATUARY 


Inspiration 
Alma  Mater 

Angel  of  Death 


Vulture  of  War 

Lion  and  Serpent 

Destiny  of  Red  Man 


George  Washington 
Michael  Angelo 
Gen.  Hooker 


182 


The  Jefferson  Memorial 

Missouri  Historical  Building  stands  at  the  main  entrance  of 
Forest  Park  on  Lindell  and  De  Baliviere  Ave.  It  contains  valu- 
able historical  collections. 

It  was  constructed  as  a  Memorial  of  the  World's  Fair  held  in 
1904.  It  is  purely  classic  in  style  and  one  of  its  chief  features 
is  the  heroic  statue  of  Thomas  Jefferson  in  white  marble  by  the 
late  Carl  Bitter  of  New  York. 


183 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON 
By  Carl  Bitter 


184 


r 


UNION  STATION 

The  St.  Louis  Union  Station  is  said  to  be  the  largest  pas- 
senger depot  in  the  world.  The  railroad  facilities  at  the  present 
time  are  magnificent,  distinctly  superior  to  those  of  any  other 
city.  The  depot  and  sheds  together  cover  six  city  blocks,  the 
total  .area  is  equal  to  ten  acres,  and  200,000  men  could  stand 
under  its  root  at  one  time.  All  passenger  trains  entering  and 
leaving  St.  Louis,  use  this  station. 


185 


THE  ST.  LOUIS  COLISEUM 


The  Coliseum  furnishes  the  auditorium  for  all  the  great  occa- 
sions in  the  life  of  the  city — Conventions,  Lectures,  Grand 
Operas,  etc.  It  is  at  Washington  and  Jefferson  avenues,  and 
has  a  seating  capacity  of  13,000. 


186 


r 


,*J 


'       »f      .  ?      1      KM 
1,1     •"     a]     75     o( 


**    N 


HOTEL  STATLER 

It  has  650  rooms,  each  room  with  private  bath,  circulating 
ice  water  and  other  unusual  conveniences.  All  rooms  have 
outside  light,  and  air.  It  easily  ranks  as  the  "Leading  Hotel" 
of  St.  Louis. 


L87 


, 


Mm 


ARCHlTfcCI.3 
MINT  LOUIo 


ARCADE  BUILDING 


The  Arcade  Building  represents  800  Offices  and  200  Retail 
Stores.  It  is  a  great  center  of  business,  and  is  remarkable  for  its 
beauty  and  convenience. 

188 


ftp 

iter 


RAILWAY  EXCHANGE 
This  main  building-  in  its  central  location  and  size  surpasses 
all  other  business  structures  of  our  city.     It  covers  a  whole  block 
with  its  21  stories  in  height  and  floor  space  of  31  acres. 

189 


190 


CITY  HALL 
General  Grant  Monument 


191 


MUNICIPAL  COURTS  BUILDING 


192 


""        8S5  3 
I  -3J8SJS 

>*  -eiaao  e 

ICI9D993J 


Ik-,, 

OLD  COURT  HOUSE 


Built  1839.  The  ground  was  donated  by  J.  B.  C.  Lucas  and 
Col.  August  Chouteau.  It  was  adorned  with  paintings  by  Carl 
Wimar.  The  public  whipping  post  and  the  slave  auctions  were 
at  this  place. 


193 


OLIVE  STREET  CANYON 

194 


KINGSBURY  PLACE 

St.  Louis  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  homes 


195 


cu   z;  i— i 

r*      C 

%    ~£ 
«*i  '53     CU 

o    >  ~ 
o  §C 

rr,     rt     ^ 
7j  cu 

M-l      fejO_ 

cfl    u.  lo 

cu  x; 
cu  -2    CJ 

bjq       rt 


ra 

„ 

cu 

cu 

en 

V-' 

w 

T\ 

rt 

CJ 

J3 

0 

CJ 

-4-» 

rt  Tf 

CJ 

w 

^ 

—  t^ 

h 

c 

£  GO 

u 

2 

QJ 

'53 

o 

u 

U 

CJ    c 

+J 

Q 
i— i 

Q 

u! 

bJ0t3 

cu 

+j 

ft 

o 

c 

cu  jz: 

CJ      Cfl 

'% 

J_  ..-1 

CO 

Q 

Cfl 

c 

> 

r-;    C 

-a 

< 

" 

rn 

4_> 

fn 

CU 

C\J 

en    rt 

~ 

+-> 

Cfl 

2 

M-l 

+J 

C    cfl 

O   rt 

CU 

Cfl 

V 

CU  Td 
Cfl      r* 

u    £ 

cu 

- 

'u 

r3 

— J 

cu 

J* 

C 

.  T3 

u 

cu 

j5 

O    «5 

"en 

<U 

~ 

O      . 

cu 

- 

S 

~ 

f>"l  -<-* 

= 

en 

en 

C    u 

— 

"o 

rt 

+j 

Rj     ^ 

o  « 

Cfl 

cu 
bx 

Cfl 

c 

■  ~ 

cj    c 

'ft 

CJ     CJ 

"-M 

— 

1-1 

•^ 

o" 

cfl 

CU      r/3 

l-l 

CU 

CJ 

3 

73 

.  <-;    u 

CJ 

-*->    ra 

0 

r? 

CU 

u 

u 

^ 

bjo  ^ 

cu 
cu 

Cfl 

rfl 

Ih 

*  ~*        £h 

u 

u 

-*— • 

O 

T3    cu 

X 

1—1 

!> 

ri    cu 

H 

cti 

U 

to    M 

•5 

■£3  •* 

cfl 

196 


REV.  SALMON   GIDDINGS,  A.M. 


197 


Rev.  Salmon  Giddings,  A.M.,  of  Hartland,  Conn.,  was  com- 
missioned by  the  missionary  society  of  Connecticut  to  labor  in 
the  western  country,  especially  in  St.  Louis. 

The  day  after  Christmas,  1815,  snow  on  the  ground,  nothing 
daunted,  he  started  for  St.  Louis  on  horseback,  preaching  fre- 
quently on  his  long  and  tedious  journey,  through  the  thinly 
settled  country. 

He  established  the  first  permanent  Protestant  Church  in  St. 
Louis  November,  1817,  known  as  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
which  became  the  honored  mother  of  Presbyterianism  and  Con- 
gregationalism in  the  West. 

Mr.  Giddings  also  started  a  school  that  was  much  needed  at 
that  time.  He  succeeded  in  establishing  seventeen  churches  in 
St.  Louis  and  vicinity.  He  also  did  important  work  among  the 
Indians. 

His  remains  are  deposited  in  a  crypt  under  the  church,  where 
it  is  held  in  sacred  veneration. 

The  first  edifice  was  erected  on  Fourth  and  St.  Charles  streets 
in  1825. 

It  is  said  that  John  Quincy  Adams  gave  $25  towards  the 
enterprise  and  Thomas  H.  Benton  and  Alexander  McNair  were 
members. 


198 


THE  FIRST  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH   OF  ST.  LOUIS, 
Dedicated  in  1855 


199 


PRESENT  FIRST  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 

It  has  had  able  leaders  in  the  pulpit,  maintained  a  wide  influ- 
ence and  is  known  as  "Old  First  Church." 


200 


REV.   SAMUEL  J.   NICCOLLS,   D.D. 


201 


SECOND  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 

The  Second  Presbyterian  Church  was  organized  on  October 
10,  1868,  by  sixty  members  from  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 

The  Rev.  Samuel  J.  Niccolls  of  Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania, 
was  called  in  October,  1864,  and  began  his  labors  in  the  Second 
Presbyterian  Church  in  January,  1865.  "Dr.  Niccolls  in  his  long 
and  able  pastorate  rendered  signal  service  not  only  to  St.  Louis, 
but  to  the  cause  of  Christianity  throughout  the  country,  and  the 
world.  A  man  of  extraordinary  gifts,  of  winsome  spirit,  of 
splendid  poise,  of  judgment,  of  rare  and  sagacious  leadership,  of 
great  preaching  power  and  of  unswerving  loyalty  to  the  funda- 
mentals of  our  faith,  by  his  personal  worth,  his  example  of  de- 
votion and  by  his  almost  unprecedented  period  of  labor  in  one 
field,  he  enriched  the  entire  denomination,  and  shed  lustre  upon 
the  religion  of  the  Cross." 

Dr.  Niccolls  died  August  19,  1915,  after  having  served  as  pas- 
tor for  more  than  fifty  years.  His  devoted  people  have  placed  a 
bronze  bust  of  their  pastor  at  the  entrance  of  the  church  he  loved 
so  well;  his  benign  countenance  seems  to  greet  them  with  a 
perpetual  benediction. 


202 


TRUMAN  M.  POST,  D.D. 


"Father  of  Congregationalism  in  St.  Louis,"  preacher,  writer, 
patriot ;  thirty-seven  years  of  service. 


203 


PILGRIM  CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCH 

It  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  influential  of  this  denomina- 
tion in  the  city. 

It  has  had  as  ministers   some   of  the  ablest   divines   of  this 
denomination. 


204 


UNION  AVENUE  CHRISTIAN  CHURCH 

Has  a  large  congregation  doing  an  extensive  work  with  mod 
ern  methods. 

An  interesting  feature  of  this  denomination  is  that  they  have 
concentrated  their  missionary  work  under  the  auspices  of  the 
United  Christian  Missionary  Society,  combining  all  branches  of 
missionary  and  promotion  activities,  with  offices  in  St.  Louis. 
from  which  radiates  the  great  spiritual  power  exercised  by  this 
church. 


205 


WESTMINSTER  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 

From  its  location  and  beauty  of  architecture,  it  is  one  of  the 
most  imposing  edifices  of  our  city.  It  has  had  able,  influential 
ministers  who  have  stood  high  locally  and  nationally. 


206 


4-.       ^ 


207 


RIGHT  REV.  DANIEL  S.  TUTTLE 

Bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Church  of  Missouri  and  Senior  Pre- 
siding Bishop  of  the  United  States. 


208 


CHRIST  CHURCH  CATHEDRAL,  EPISCOPAL 

It  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  influential  of  the  down- 
town churches. 

In  the  vast  territory  between  the  Mississippi  River  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean — Christ  Church  was  the  sole  Episcopal  representa- 
tive in  1819. 


209 


.  -  •  ffiPfl 


|  11     V  i "      I 


:W"'    vk  li 


.  ». 


■ — *  rii'i  — ■■  '•s-s.JTi  mm  I  ffpffl 


H  ;:-:*  r  i^ 


[y  iiit^iiy  s  li 


••^^     •(^^-'K>..        .,-^;>        ^ 


31    I    V/ 


^^a« 


CHRIST  CHURCH  CATHEDRAL   (Interior) 

The  Reredos  is  the  most  magnificent  in  the  country.  It  was 
the  gift  of  Mrs.  Christine  Graham,  wife  of  the  late  Benjamin  B. 
Graham  and  daughter  of  the  statesman,  Frank  P.  Blair. 

The  artist  was  Henry  Hems,  of  Exeter,  Eng.,  after  a  design  by 
Kivas  Tully.  It  is  of  Caen  Stone  and  cost  $50,000.  The  edifice 
itself  is  considered  to  have  the  finest  architectural  proportions. 


210 


CENTENARY  METHODIST  CHURCH 

It  still  holds  its  down-town  location  and  numbers  one  of 
the  largest  congregations  of  this  denomination  in  the  city.  It 
has  been  favored  with  the*  ablest  divines  in  this  denomination. 


211 


GRACE  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 

This  church  is  a  stately  edifice.  The  interior  decoration  about 
the  organ  and  pulpit  are  in  bas  relief,  expressive  of  grace  and 
beauty — embodying  spiritual  ideals. 

This  church  has  always  shown  civic  and  national  loyalty 
and  maintained  a  high  standard  of  ability  in  the  pulpit 


212 


■J"  ■■HUfiniiiiiiiitiHuirmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiniiiiiiiii 


iiiiu 


213 


214 


SECOND  BAPTIST  CHURCH 

This  is  one  of  the  most  imposing-  church  edifices  in  the  United 
States.  It  has  two  main  buildings  united  by  a  front  and  rear 
loggia  with  a  tower  rising  from  the  center  of  the  rear  loggia. 
It  is  built  of  brick  and  is  fashioned  after  the  architectural  models 
of  Lombardy  and  North  Italy  in  general.  The  coloring  ranges 
from  a  rich  brown  to  the  palest  buff — the  brick  selected  being 
ali  of  one  burning;  about  one  million  used  in  the  building. 

The  chromatic  scheme  is  already  pleasing;  age  will  mellow 
the  structure  and  increase  the  richness  of  the  coloring. 

It  is  stated  that  few  pieces  of  brick  work  in  the  United  States 
ecmal  that  which  is  revealed  in  these  buildings  and  none  sur- 
passes it. 

This  building  was  constructed  under  the  inspiration  and 
direction  of  its  present  eloquent  minister,  the  Rev.  \\  illiam 
Coleman  Bitting,  D.D. 


215 


RABBI  LEON  HARRISON 

Rev.  Dr.  Leon  Harrison  has  for  many  years  stood  as  one  of 
the  most  gifted  and  distinguished  leaders  of  his  race  in  the  city 
of  St.  Louis.  His  eloquent  voice  always  pleads  in  every  great 
cause,  civic  and  national. 


216 


TEMPLE  ISRAEL 

A  specimen  of  classic  architecture,  massive  and  imposing"  in 
its  proportions. 


217 


D3EE* 


ARCHBISHOP  JOHN  J.  GLENNON 
Archbishop  of  St.  Louis 

He  is  the  popular  head  of  the  Catholic  Church  of  St.  Louis, 
and  is  remarkable  for  ability  in  the  administration  and  govern- 
ment of  his  archdiocese. 


218 


THE  NEW  CATHOLIC  CATHEDRAL 

The  cost  when  completed  will  be  about  $3,000,000.  The  altar. 
a  gift  of  an  individual,  cost  $100,000.  It  has  a  majestic  and  im- 
posing- exterior,  but  its  interior  magnificence  is  still  greater.  It 
is  considered  one  of  the  finest  churches  in  the  country. 


219 


INTERIOR  OF  NEW  CATHEDRAL 

This  high   altar   was   the   gift   of   Mr.   William   Cullen    McBridc,   costing 

over  $100,000 


220 


:&_ 


OIB  CAUffiXiPAZ,,  SFZPUIS'.MO 
Erected  in   1831 

It     has     many     sacred    associations,    in    its    long   history    of 
Catholicism. 


221 


REV.  FATHER  D.  S.  PHELAN  AT  30  YEARS  OF  AGE 

Editor  Western  Watchman,  1865-1915,  fifty  years'  continuous 
service.  He  graduated  at  St.  Louis  High  School  at  17  years  of 
age  in  the  class  of  1858. 


222 


ST.  JOHN'S   METHODIST   CHURCH 

It   has  always   sustained   an   able   ministry   and   has   taken   a 
prominent  part  in  the  religious  life  of  the  city. 


223 


CHANCELLOR  FREDERICK  A.  HALL 

of  Washington   University 


224 


FRONT   VIEW   WASHINGTON   UNIVERSITY 
225 


WASHINGTON   UNIVERSITY   AND   CAMPUS 

It  was  founded  by  the  Rev.  William  Greenleaf  Eliot.  D.D., 
and  a  number  of  distinguished  St.  Louis  citizens.  The  first  group 
of  buildings  was  situated  at  17th  street  and  Washington  avenue, 
and  college  degrees  were  first  granted  in  1862.  Since  that  time 
the  University  has  greatly  increased  in  the  number  of  buildings, 
facilities  and  students.  Chancellor  Frederic  A.  Hall's  present 
administration  has  been  marked  by  great  success. 

The  total  enrollment  for  the  year,  in  all  departments,  was 
3,838  students.  This  is  a  co-educational  institution,  which  is  in 
the  most  prosperous  condition  of  its  history.  It  affords  great 
facilities  in  all  of  its  departments. 


226 


MOST  REVEREND 
PETER  RICHARD  KENDRICK 

First  Archbishop  of  St.  Louis— 1847  to  his  death 
1896,   mourned  by  all  religious  denomi- 
nations throughout  the  country. 


REV.  MICHAEL  J.  O'CONNOR,  S.  J., 
Pres.  St.  Louis  University 


227 


ST.  LOUIS  UNIVERSITY 

The  foundation  of  St.  Louis  University  dates  back  to   1818, 
three  years  before  Missouri  became  a  state  of  the  Union. 

The  number  of  students  enrolled  is  about  1,800,  with  a  com- 
plete faculty  in  all  departments. 

Its  long'  history  is  of  great  interest. 


228 


229 


EARLY  HIGH  SCHOOL 

This  was  the  early  culmination  of  the  public  schools  where 
many  of  our  leading  citizens  of  today  received  their  highest 
educational  opportunities  and  inspiration. 


230 


NEW   CENTRAL  HIGH  SCHOOL 


231 


*.  >. 


G  G 

c  B 

«-»-<  o 

C  O 


J3   <u 


o 
o 
o 

55- 


»-i  ;£_        K 


o    .a 


ti      <v 


232 


/   rt 

-A  .^_ 

.~    - 

"^      gj 

•—      y 

x' 

:/ 

X      1> 

— 

X 

»-) 

—    i/ 

o 

5  b 

"T3 

o 

-  .— i 

c 

X 

q    ri 

.  ~ 

u 

*2 

w 

£3    r 

(j 

X 

— 

o 

r-       - 

u 

t-H 

X 

o 

'~ 

Q 

+-1  ~ 

r 

z 

C  C/3 

< 

G 

r; 

►J 

e  ,C 

*  p 

w 

> 

rt^ 

~ 

,-) 

x    ^ 

w 

u 

JJ  £ 

> 

233 


o 

2 
i— i 

P 

-1 
i— i 

C3 

CQ 

o 
o 

X 

o 


o 

s  > 

< 


o 
o 


~3   cu 


o  ,c 

t;  ° 

j2    V 


.,_> 

ni 

nl 

u 

<3J 

~ 

u 

bx 

u 

<u 

-r 

X 

r/l 

+■> 

03 

M-l 

^ 

O 

<L> 

Oh 

o 

3 

U 

rt 

a; 

- 

cj 

-*-» 

■M 

a; 

rt 

— 

lU 

rt  > 

1 — >  o 
a;    C 


CD   — 

rt   o 

In 

*t3    2 
CD  45 


rt 

e 

o 

r/i 

~^ 

rt 

t/j 

, 

> 

O 

r" 

o 

a 

u 

i/j 

Cfl 

c 

— 

^4 

H 

-4-< 

V. 

234 


o 

Q 

i— i 

P 
PQ 

O 

o 

X 
o 

w 

X 

o 


235 


SUPERINTENDENTS 

The  five  following'  superintendents  of  the  St.  Louis  Public 
Schools,  who  have  faithfully  served  and  passed  on,  leaving  a  noble 
record  : 

1  Ira  Divoll,  1859-1867. 

2  VVm.  Torrey  Harris,  1867-1880. 

3  Edvv.  H.  Long,  1880-1895. 

4  F.  Louis  Soldan,  1895-1908. 

5  Ben  Blewett.  1908-1917. 


236 


IRA   D1VOLL 


237 


WM.  TORREY  HARRIS 


238 


i 

W  <m 

^ 

I  V- 

\ 

Jkl^ 

j|^-        Rari 

--<■  ■'■-'■■■%. 

WS'" 

Wtf&r 

239 


F.  LOUIS  SOLDAN 
240 


BEN  BLEWETT 


241 


HENRY  SHAW 


242 


MISSOURI  BOTANICAL  GARDEN 

It  consists  of  125  acres  in  the  southern  part  of  the  city  and  was 
formerly  the  private  property  and  home  of  the  Hon.  Henrv  Shaw. 
It  has  been  turned  over  to  the  city  since  the  death  of  this  dis- 
tinguished swumt  and  great  benefactor,  and  this  magnificent 
gift  has  been  changed  in  name  from  "Shaw's  Garden,"  by  which 
it  was  so  long  and  familiarly  known,  to  the  more  comprehensive 
name  of  "The  Missouri  Botanical  Garden." 

It  contains  11,000  species  of  plants  obtained  from  all  parts  of 
the  world. 

It  has  splendidly  equipped  laboratories  for  graduate  work  in 
Botany  and  allied  subjects. 

Its  library  contains  more  than  37,000  books  and  49,000  val- 
uable pamphlets. 

The  scientific  value  of  this  garden  in  the  number  and  import- 
ance of  the  great  variety  of  specimens  is  thought  unexcelled  by 
any  other  similar  collection  in  the  United  States,  and  surpassed 
only  by  the  Royal  Gardens  at  Kew,  England. 

A  feature  of  interest  is  the  Mausoleum  containing  the  remains 
of  Mr.  Shaw. 

The  charming  arrangement  and  beauty  of  the  floral  display 
make  it  one  of  the  great  attractions  of  the  citv. 


243 


■ttj^^Hi 

Ikt^H 

E-                                                          •       tflfflfej 

ttiiiittllllli 

'*"  i 

Br 

t'SH 

tSjJw!5rVt^.    -  ~ 

|^foftj^y>. 

--•fSresirfv*-  .•_ 

HL>^Mg| 

|pl|ip|t?r'^|^^BWfc*  • ' 

|     _         .  ■ 

MISSOURI  BOTANICAL  GARDEN  (interior  view) 


244 


z 
w 

Q 

< 
O 

< 

u 

< 

r- 

O 

CM 

& 
O 

W 


245 


246 


PALM  DISPLAY,  MISSOURI  BOTANICAL  GARDEN 


247 


248 


Missouri  One  Hundred  Years  Ago 

The  Saint  Louis  Missouri  Centennial  Pageant  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  <  )ne  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  Missouri's  Admission 
to  the  Union,  under  the  general  direetion  of  William  \Y.  La 
Beaume,  written  and  produced  by  Thomas  Wood  Stevens;  Rob- 
ert Hanna,  Chairman  of  the  Productions  Committee,  with  music 
by  Frederick  Fischer — Noel  Poepping — Gerald  Tyler,  with  a 
Symphonic  <  Orchestra  and  the  Saint  Louis  Pageant  Chorus  under 
the  direction  of  Frederick  Fischer — a  cast  of  1.000  performers, 
orchestra  of  65,  chorus  of  150  and  100  dancers,  was  held  at  the 
Coliseum  on  the  evenings  of  October  1 1  th-1 5th .  1921. 

This  was  an  event  of  historic  interest,  marking  a  new  epoch 
in  drama  and  pageantry,  portraying  the  spirit  of  Missouri,  her 
people,  resources,  aims  and  aspirations  and  the  political  struggles 
that  finally  terminated  in  her  statehood  when  admitted  to  the 
Union  in  1821. 

The  actors  in  this  spirited  drama  numbered  many  well-known 
leaders  among  the  women  of  the  city  and  prominent  professional 
and  business  men  who  entered  into  the  spirit  of  the  play  and 
rendered  their  parts  with  histrionic  excellence. 

Among  the  leading  characters  were,  "The  Spirit  of  Missouri." 
Mrs.  George  Gellhorn ;  "Saint  Louis,"  Mr.  David  S  Friedman; 
"Strife."  Mr.  W.  H.  Hoppe  :  "The  Spirit  of  Jefferson."  Mr.  R.  \V. 
Bruner;  "The  Spirit  of  Napoleon,"  Mr.  Edgar  P.  Shutz  ;  "Hamil- 
ton Rowan  Gamble,"  Mr.  Frank  Somerville  ;  "Mrs.  Coalter,"  by 
Mrs.  William  Scheville ;  "Kibbie,"  Mr.  Blanchard  O.  McKee; 
"David  Barton,"  Mr.  Daniel  Bartlett ;  "Alexander  McXair,"  Mr. 
John  P.  Sweeney;  "Thomas  Hart  Benton,"  Mr.  David  O'Neil ; 
"Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,"  Mr.  blector  M.  E.  Pasmezoglu  ;  "Judge 
J.  B.  C.  Lucas."  Mr.  Ilarry  McClain  ;  "John  Scott."  Territorial 
delegate.  Mr.  R.  W.  Bruner;  "Daniel  Boone,"  Mr.  Sam  Goddard  ; 
"Edward  Bates,"  Mr.  Culver  Hastedt ;  "Auguste  Chouteau,"  Mr. 
Henry  de  Lecluse  ;  "Madame  Chouteau,"  Mrs.  Walter  B.  Douglas  ; 
"Mrs'  De  Mun."  Mrs.  George  E.  Norton;  "Mandy."  Miss  Rhea 
MacAdams;  "Charles  Lucas,"  Mr.  Percy  Ramsey  ;  "Gov.  William 
Clark,"  Mr.  Gustavus  Tuckerman.  Lack  of  space  forbids  the 
mention  of  all  the  players. 

The  drama  in  two  acts  of  two  scenes  each,  showed  the  social 
and  political  life  of  the  time  and  place,  the  actual  working  of 
slavery  as  a  domestic  institution,  and  in  legislature  and  conven- 
tion, the  clashing  of  local  and  national  ideals  of  freedom.  The 
scene  of  the  play  is  before  a  tavern,  representing  at  various  time-* 
both  the  Mansion  House  and  the  Missouri  Hotel  in  St.  Louis. 

The  Masque  as  presented  in  the  Prologue  and  Epilogue  was 
of  great  poetic  and  spectacular  effect.     The  music  was  original. 

249 


modern  and  appropriate.  The  Prologue  presented  Missouri,  the 
proud  spirit  of  the  land,  moving  amid  the  dance  of  the  ever- 
recurring  cycles  of  nature  feeling  the  touch  of  new  forces,  yet 
getting  no  answer  from  the  ancient  manitous  and  meeting  rivers 
until  Man  comes.  After  the  Indian,  come  Spain  and  France,  bear- 
ing their  flags,  and  with  them  come  Slaves,  bringing  "Strife,"  a 
threatening  figure.  Calling  upon  the  nations  as  they  pass  and 
view  the  scroll  of  her  sovereignty,  appears  a  vision  of  the  Louisi- 
ana Purchase,  and  in  the  spirit  of  Jefferson  she  finds  her  future 
and  breaks  forth  into  singing  and  rejoicing: 

"<  )ut  of  the  strife — a  state. 
Out  of  the  storm — a  star." 

The  Epilogue  presents  Missouri,  magnificent  in  the  harvest 
of  a  hundred  years,  greeted  in  Festival  by  Saint  Louis.  The 
conflicting  elements  of  political  life  are  finally  harmonized  into 
a  unity  of  accomplishment  and  aspiration,  transforming  the  ele- 
ment of  Strife  into  Power — the  high  artistic  and  spiritual  climax 
of  the  Pageant.  This  last  scene  furnished  a  spectacle  of  grandeur 
and  beauty  in  which  classical  finish  of  form  and  splendor  and 
harmony  of  color  were  blended  with  grace  and  rhythmic  move- 
ment in  the  dance  to  the  sound  of  soul-stirring  music  that  shed  a 
glory  over  all.  unrivalled  before  on  any  stage. 


250 


THOMAS   HART    BENTON 


251 


u°* 

5i  »5 

^S 

—    u 

T5 

—  ^ 

^  O 

rt  . 

. .   u 

y«- 

C    u 

^  ?i 

'rtfc 

to    « 

S  o 

Is 

-w 

o   .  - 

<y  ^ 

S  s 

_o 

CO 

oi?" 

K   o 

o  .-a 

U  > 

.O 

CO 

u 

«->  x 

Sci 

o  00 

- — i 

i-~  in 

o 

5> 

2x 

rt  rH 

o 

!-> 

Q 

co 

2 

75  kj-i 

K 

O  <; 

en 

W 

u 

&   bo 

> 

■J  S" 

3*^ 

< 

^1 

to  33 

1—1     CO 

iTU 

to 

CD       . 
*->     t/) 

co  a 
Q  ^ 

H 

en    j_ 

*— > 

nj  k^j 

>> 

fe 

X  ^ 

b  £ 

O 

i-    >> 

S3  2 

H 

CO     0) 
>    t/) 

^S 

2 

"3  £ 

uQ 

O 

*J 

fa 

£  >> 

3  c 

2 

rt    £ 

en  n. 

CO  ^" 

2 

W 

rt    s-^ 

"2  » 

GO 

«  2 

H    «» 

£    3 

r1    to 

be- 

"^J 

in    i- 

2>    rt 

w  w 

V 

..u 

■M    u 

XI    rt 

-C  *~ 

OCX 

bo  S3* 

■cu 

.—     CO 
S-      U) 

_    O 

O   en 

O  i — , 

+■•   u 

co 

<£  c 

co   rt 

£.'* 

~^ 

r^ 

~r> 

^ 

u  c 

U     <L> 

<-  >> 

to    ^; 

cu   u  h 

aJ2 

afe  !r 

•--. to 

_J  — < 

<i32 


252 


H 


J  .2 


253 


"MISSOURI" 
Mrs.  George  Gellhorn 


254 


474 

S3    H3 


THE  LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Santa  Barbara 

STACK  COLLECTION 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW. 


RET  3  9 


10m-5,'65(F4458s4)476D 


3   1205  00563  9867      /j 
uc  sun^ra^^fiSiiii 


AA    000  920  797    8 


